Showing 26 results for Balance
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Volume 12, Issue 8 (10-2014)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of functional fatigue on the dynamic and static balance of male students aged 15 to 18 with different plantar arch. To measure the subjects' foot arch, the Navicular Drop Test was used. The subjects were then randomly divided into three groups of 22 members with different foot arches. Later on, SEBT test, Modified Stork Balance, Fatigue Protocol and Borg (RPE) scale were run. Using SPSS (version 18), the data were analyzed (p< .05); in particular, dependent t-tests, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test were run. The results showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of dynamic and static balance in all three groups. Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean difference of pre-test and post-test scores of the dynamic and static balance group of normal foot arch, the flat foot arch group and the cavus foot arch group. Meanwhile, the difference between flat and cavus foot group was not statistically significant. Due to the significant reduction in the balance of subjects with abnormal arch, the correction of the abnormality of the foot arch as well as the use of appropriate training courses are recommended to improve their physical fitness.
Dr Heidar Sadeghi, Mrs Shiva Noori,
Volume 13, Issue 10 (10-2015)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Due to the importance of functional balance tests assessment with emphasis on
parameters influencing the balance including somatotype, this study undertaken to determine the reliability of
functional balance tests (static, semi-dynamic and dynamic) in endomorphe healthy women within 24-34 years
old. Methodology: 25 female endomorphe with the average and standard deviation age of 27.32±2.13 yrs,
height of 161.13±6.37 cm and weight of 58.28±8.46 kg, participated in this study. Functional balance tests
were assessed while Heath-Carter approach applied to determine the participant somatotype. All the functional
balance tests are used for each individual three times within 72 hours. Data distribution normalization are
evaluated by means of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while ICC was used for assessing the reliability at a
significance level of P<0.05. Results:The reliability of all static, semi-dynamic and dynamic balance tests used
in this study was confirmed with an endomorphe type body. Assessing static balance, the Stork and Angel
tests; semi-dynamic balance, Star Excursion Balance Test test; and dynamic balance, the Timed to Get Up
and Go and Tandem Walking tests got very good reliability level (ICC>0.80
Mr Mohammad Ali Naseri Rouhani, Dr Mohammad Taghi Amiri Khorasani, Dr Mohammad Reza Amir Seifaldini,
Volume 14, Issue 11 (4-2016)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non- stability surface of support leg on the instep kicking kinematics in soccer players. Materials and Methods: 30 male soccer players participated in this study. After the measurement of static and dynamic balance tests by the Biodex System, 20 players were selected who were at a desired level of the balance. Data were recorded using the three- dimensional motion analysis system with 6 optoelectronic cameras (200 HZ). The kinematic parameters in three critical moments of kicking (Forward swing of hip, Contact to ball, Follow through) were compared by using repeated measures of variance and independent t- test (0/05). Results: The results showed that the values of maximum angular velocity and displacement of hip and velocity of ball at the kicking over stability surface was significantly higher from the kicking over non- stability surface. Conclusion: These results indicate that the kicking over non- stability surface causes the lower of kinematic parameters in the more of the kicking skill phases and the movement prime velocity of ball
Kamran Johari, Mohammad Hosein Alizadeh, Amir Hosein Barati,
Volume 15, Issue 14 (10-2017)
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees on dynamic balance among male Iranian football referees and assistant referees. Fifty-two football referees and assistant referees who had no previous injury voluntarily participated in the present study. They were randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control one (26 participants each group). The intervention participants took part in a 17-week FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees while the control group performed their usual warm-up trainings during a half season. In order to estimate the dynamic balance of the referees in the pre-test and post-test, Y Balance Test was used. The collected data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The results of the present study indicated that the intervention and the control groups were significantly different in terms of dynamic balance in anterior and posteromedial directions and also the referees’ overall balance score before and after the study. However, no significant between them was observed in posteriolateral direction. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees could improve the referees’ and the assistant referees’ dynamic balance.
Elaheh Peymani, Gholam Ali Ghasemi, Mehdi Ghaderiyan,
Volume 16, Issue 16 (12-2018)
Abstract
Meningomyelocele after cerebral palsy is the most common congenital defects of the nervous system that impairs the functioning of many body’s structures. This study aimed to assess the effect of six weeks selected physical training on balance, postural control and lower limb function in children with Meningomyelocele. In this quasi-experimental study, 10 boys aged 10-11 years with Meningomyelocele in L4-L5 levels that independently able to stand and take at least 5 steps were selected and after obtaining written consent from the parents, placed in an experimental group. Before and after 6 weeks (four 60-minute sessions per week) participation in a researcher-designed exercise protocol, Static and dynamic balance (Balance Scale PBS), postural sway (foot pressure device), neck craniovertebral angle and knee and hip range of motion (goniometer), thoracic arch angle (flexible ruler) and trunk and knee extensors strength (dynamometer) were measured. Data by t-test in SPSS 22 software was analyzed (p≤0/05). The results were showed significant difference between pre-test and post-test in all variables except the total index of postural control and trunk extensors strength (P≥0/05). Due to the effectiveness of the used exercise protocol, this protocol can be used to improve the postural control, balance and lower extremity function in rehabilitation of patients with Meningomyelocele and similar to those.
H Arazzadeh, A.a Norasteh,
Volume 17, Issue 17 (4-2019)
Abstract
Although to improve balance and grasp the proprioception, recommended balance exercises, but there is not clear mechanism for the effectiveness of equilibrium training on healthy subjects. Suitable interaction of varios system of body and environment are necessary to maintain of the balance. Balance exercise is prescribed to improve balance and proprioception. There is not clear mechanism about the effectiveness of these exercise on healthy subjects. So The purpose of this study was to the Effect of 8 weeks of ankle-specific balance training on the balance and knee and ankle proprioception of adolescent volleyball players. the statistical sample of this study was 30 adolescent volleyball players in the league Golestan Which were selected as accessible and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week of ankle-specific balance. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean of balance and errors in reconstructing the angles of knee and ankle after exercise in the experimental group, while in the control group it was not significant. Results of this study showed that Balance Training can improve balance and proprioception in the knee and the ankle.
Sh Lenjannejadian, J Reisi,
Volume 17, Issue 17 (4-2019)
Abstract
Balance is a complex concept, especially when one wants to do complex motor skills. Therefore, the balance during activity is more important than the static and dynamic balance that is performed without the skill. The aim of this study was to introduce a new activity-based balance index of elite soccer players. 27 young soccer players (12-14 years) whom participated in Iranian premier league were selected. To assess their balance, activity and skill, four functional tests consisting one leg stance, dynamic Y balance, running and dribbling tests were administered. During these tests, besides their relative scores, the acceleration of body center was also recorded using an accelerometer and a new activity-based balance index (ABI) were calculated from these available data. The Results showed a significant positive correlation between ABI and both static and dynamic balance scores(r=0.6, p=0.002). Also, a significant negative correlation was found between ABI and dribbling scores(r=-0.45, p=0.026), which could be interpreted as the necessity of agility of the players. It could be concluded that this new activity-based balance index was found to be successful for evaluating both the balance and the skill level of soccer players.
M Termeh, A Ghanbarzadeh, M.h Honarvar, K Heidari Shirazi,
Volume 18, Issue 19 (7-2020)
Abstract
In a walking cycle design, maximizing the upright balance should be considered in addition to the kinematic constraints, energy consumption rate must be considered. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal step length obtained for each person according to the physical features. In this research, in order to minimize energy consumption rate by considering maximum balance two cost function were defined. the fall cost function was designed based on the concept of MOS and balance index. To investigate the upright balance and to reconstruct the movement pattern, Data from normal walking gait of healthy subjects was taken and seven links model was defined. In this study, the optimal step length was obtained for the person with height, weight and gait cycle characteristics. it is shown that for a person of 92kg mass and 1.87 meters height, the best step length in walking would be 0.54 meters. In this study, the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of human motion were identified by the analysis of gait patterns on a treadmill. Through the calculation of the balance index, individuals are helped to find the optimal step length for which the maximum balance is achieved. The results of the study can provide the optimal step length to correct the gait pattern.
Vahideh Teimouri Gholeh Zo, Fatemeh Alirezaei Noghondar, Hamid Reza Taheri,
Volume 18, Issue 20 (11-2020)
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of dual task training including balance sit-to-stand and cognitive exercises on postural control of sit to stand of elderly women with a history of falling. 15 elderly women were randomly divided into control (n=7) and experimental (n=8) groups. Participants implemented training protocol for four weeks in both experimental (balance and cognitive exercises) and control groups (balance sit-to-stand exercises). Before and after the training protocol, Berg Balance Scale and time of up and go tests were applied. Besides, in order to measure amplitude and speed of postural sway in the anteroposterior and medio-lateral direction in different stages of sit to stand movement in dual task condition, a force plate with a frequency of 100 Hz was used in pre-test and post-test. For data analysis, paired and independent t-test, nonparametric Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney u-tests were used with a significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the BERG test and significant reduction of the amplitude and speed of center of pressure in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions in the experimental group compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test (P≤0.05). Due to results, balance exercises by dual task method improved control functional balance and reduced postural sway and consequently improved sit to stand postural control in dual task condition and therefore can reduce more effectively the risk of falling in elder people.
Karar Khajeh Nemat, Heydar Sadeghi, Ismaeil Ebrahimi Takamjani, Raghad Memar,
Volume 18, Issue 20 (11-2020)
Abstract
Proprioception is essential for joint function and through which individual can detect body parts movement in space. Aim of present study is to investigate effect of balance training on unstable platform with tilting, translation and combined motion on knee joint position sense in active young males. 39 healthy active male divided in to three training and control (n=9) groups. Training on unstable platform with tilting motion group (n=10), Training on unstable platform with translating motion group (n=10) and combined training group (n=10) performed exercises program for 8 weeks, three times a week. Errors in repositioning of knee joint in 30, 45 and 60⁰ angles (active and passive) was measured by Biodex system 3, before and after training period. Data was analysed by using one-way ANOVA test (P≤0/05). Although after 8 weeks, active and passive errors in repositioning of knee joint in mentioned angles decreased in training groups but this difference was not significant (P≤0/05). Balance training on unstable platform alone cannot have a big effect on knee joint position sense in active young male.
Alireza Hosseini, Dr Mostafa Zareei, Fariborz Hovanloo,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Wrestling is a high contact sport with a significant risk of injuries. Identifying risk factors can help preventing wrestler’s injuries. little is known about the contribution of balance and proprioception to sport injuries. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between dynamic balance and knee proprioception and the injuries in young wrestler.72 young wrestlers from Tehran primer league participated in this study. Before the start of season, proprioception was measured at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic pro 4 system. Dynamic balance was measured by Biodex balance system. Injuries were recorded by the team's medical staff. Logistic regression modeling indicated that there is no significant relation between Dynamic balance and proprioception of knee at 30 and 60 and at 90 degree and musculoskeletal injuries. Balance and proprioception testing, as performed in the present study, cannot be recommended as a screening test to predict injuries in young male wrestler.
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Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Considering the prevalence of pain and disability in the knee joint, the present study investigated the effect of core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception on balance, pain and functional disability of women with chronic knee pain. 20 women aged 30 to 50 with chronic knee pain were placed in two experimental and control groups. To measure static and dynamic balance, pain and functional disability, the stork balance tests, Y, VAS and VOMACK questionnaire were used, respectively. Exercises were followed for eight weeks in the experimental group. To evaluate the research hypotheses, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used in spss software version 24. The results showed that before the exercise protocol, there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups in any of the measured variables. While the eight-week training protocol caused a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, functional disability and pain between the control and experimental groups. Therefore, core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception increase balance in people with chronic knee pain, which can reduce the risk of falling in these people and improve the quality of life by improving pain and functional disability.
Ms Faezeh Gholami, Dr Manouchehr Haydari,
Volume 21, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
Mental fatigue is usually caused by long-term cognitive activities; in a way that reduces cognitive performance and leads to changes in functional activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a session of Swedish relaxation massage and meditation in controlling mental fatigue on reactive balance and Lower extremity function of amateur athletes. In this study, 16 female physical education athletes were purposefully selected as a sample based on the study entry criteria, and were subjected to mental fatigue protocol (45 minutes of cognitive activity (Stroop test)), Swedish relaxation massage (30 minutes) and meditation (30 minutes) with a time interval of 48 hours. Reactive balance was evaluated with Y test with automatic lights and, Lower extremity function was evaluated with single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, meter-6 and hop crossover-triple distance tests. Repeated analysis of variance test was used to check intra-group changes.The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of reactive balance and lower limb performance of the subjects when comparing the post-test of mental fatigue with the post-test of massage and meditation (P<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference between the subjects' scores comparing massage and meditation for reactive balance and body function (P<0.05).In order to prevent sports injuries in athletes, Swedish relaxation massage and meditation can be used as an intervention to speed up the recovery of mental fatigue and improve reactive balance and body function.
Dr Ramin Balochi, Dr Farideh Babakhani, Dr Mohamadreza Hatefi, Mr Hossien Hassanpor,
Volume 21, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of core stability exercises on upper limb performance based on Y balance test, strength and range of motion of shoulder rotation in badminton athletes. 30 male badminton players were randomly assigned to two control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed the core stability training program for eight weeks, three sessions a week for 40 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Measurement of upper limb function was done by Y balance test, and also shoulder strength and internal and external rotation range of motion were measured by handheld dynamometer and goniometer respectively, before and after the intervention. The analysis of the data obtained from the research based on the ANCOVA statistical test showed that there is a significant difference in the average of the Y upper limb balance test between the two control and experimental groups in both dominant and non-dominant hands. which indicates the positive effect of core stability exercises on people's performance in performing the Y balance test (p<0.05); however, no statistical difference was observed in muscle strength and range of motion of external and internal rotation of the shoulder after the intervention. (p < 0.05). It seems that the provision of core stability training programs can be considered with the approach of increasing the performance of the upper limbs and, of course, preventing injuries in badminton players.
Ehsan Ebrahimipour, Fereshteh Sabet, Shayan Hajebrahimi, Mohammadreza Seyfaddini,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions of the human body and can impact the ability tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time of day on static and dynamic balance using the cognitive task approach. We recruited 24 elderly men who performed both static and dynamic balance tests with and without cognitive dual tasks. Our statistical analysis, using a significance level of 0.05, revealed significant differences in the parameters of the 95% confidence ellipse, length of path, and average velocity of the center of pressure when performing the dual task compared to normal walking. However, these variables did not significantly differ at different times of the day. Interestingly, our results showed that the center of pressure fluctuations in closed eyes and different times of the day did not have a significant difference. Overall, our findings suggest that healthy elderly individuals are at similar risk of falling during different hours of the day. Nonetheless, the simultaneous execution of dual cognitive tasks leads to balance disruption in both eyes-arm closed positions.
Saeed Arsham,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms of age-related differences in postural control of 7-18 years old girls by determining the differences between different age groups and adults in their sensory preferences for compensatory responses. 118 non-athlete girls aged 7 to 18 were selected by available sampling and divided into four age groups: 7-9 (n=31), 10-12 (n=32), 13-15 (n=28), and 16-18 (n=27). A reference group of adults (n=28, Mean= 27.9 years) was examined for comparison. Sensory organization test (SOT) with computerized dynamic posturography was used to manipulate sensory inputs. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test showed a significant difference between all age groups in 6 test conditions (P<0.05). The use of somatosensory and vestibular sensory inputs to maintain balance was almost the same in different age groups, but significant differences were observed in the use of visual inputs. From the age of 13, the postural control performance of girls becomes similar to that of adults, which can be due to the delayed development of the visual system. In general, it seems that for perfect postural control, first the somatosensory sensory system and then the vestibular and visual systems mature.
Faeze Nemati, Mostafa Zareei, Morteza Barzegar Bafrouei,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention program on the performance of elite female kabaddi players. Given the debilitating consequences of ACL injuries, the primary aim is to evaluate the effects of an eight-week prevention program on improving the performance of these athletes. This quasi-experimental research was conducted on 27 elite female kabaddi players (aged 18 to 24 years), who were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group underwent an eight-week injury prevention training program. The tests included T-test, 20-meter run, Y-balance test, flexibility, hopping, and movement screening. Data analysis was performed using Levene's test and ANCOVA. The results of the ANCOVA indicated that the intervention group scored significantly better than the control group in the Y-balance test for both the right (p=0.002) and left (p=0.001) legs, single-leg hopping (right leg: p=0.004 and left leg: p=0.001), crossover hopping for the right leg (p=0.023), and the sit-and-reach flexibility test (p=0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in the speed, agility, triple hopping, and functional movement screening (FMS) tests. Results: The findings suggest that the eight-week PEP program has a significant impact on dynamic balance for both the right and left legs, hopping (single-leg and crossover hopping for the right leg), and hamstring and lower back flexibility in elite female kabaddi players. However, it did not have a significant effect on left leg hopping, speed, agility, or FMS scores.
Mohammad Kalantariyan, Samaneh Samadi , Ramin Beyranvand,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the changes in static and dynamic balance and proprioceptive accuracy of knee and ankle joints of young taekwondo athletes before and after applying the fatigue protocol. The current research is semi-experimental. The research subjects were 20 teenage male taekwondo players (17/86±4/4 year, 174/37±5/2 cm, 65/61±6/1 kg) from the statistical population. Static and dynamic balance variables were measured respectively by Stork's static balance test and Y dynamic balance test, as well as the proprioception of the ankle and knee joints at 10 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion and 30 degrees of knee flexion, by the photographic method. Then the functional fatigue protocol was applied. After finishing the fatigue protocol, all the variables evaluated again. The results of the paired t-test showed that after applying the fatigue protocol, there is a significant difference between the average of static (P=0.028) and dynamic balance in all three anterior (P=0.001), posterior-medial (P=0.012) and posterior-lateral (P=0.009) directions as well as proprioceptive accuracy of knee joint (P=0.003) and ankle joint (P=0.001).
It is recommended to all taekwondo coaches and athletes, to perform specialized training exercises in the field of taekwondo and according to the age of teenagers.
Hamid Abbasi Bafghi, Mohammad Hasan Kordi Ashkezari, Abdolmajid Heratizadeh, Saeed Abedinzadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Ankle injuries are among the most common sports-related injuries, often caused by factors such as "direct contact with a player or the ground, tackles that push the ankle inward or outward, and during jumping and landing." Among these injuries, lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent types, frequently associated with ankle instability. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of balance training and hopping exercises on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Methods: A total of 30 basketball, volleyball, and handball athletes with functional ankle instability, with a mean age of 24.58 ± 3.626 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 25.681 ± 2.126, were randomly assigned to two groups in a clinical trial. The first group (n=15) performed hopping exercises, while the second group (n=15) performed balance training. Proprioception of their ankle joints was assessed at baseline and after six weeks of training. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and ANCOVA via SPSS version 20.
Results: Both balance training and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error in reconstructing dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles of the ankle (p<0.05). Additionally, the reduction in absolute error for these angles was significantly greater in the hopping group compared to the balance training group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that both balance training and hopping exercises improve ankle joint proprioception in athletes with functional ankle instability. However, hopping exercises demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to balance training.
Marzieh Sekonji, Hasan Sadeghi, Neda Boroushak, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Method: Flexible flat foot, or pes planus, is a common lower extremity abnormality characterized by a flatter medial longitudinal arch, causing the foot's sole to come into near or complete contact with the ground. This study investigated the effects of six weeks of localized and comprehensive corrective exercises on proprioception, balance, and navicular drop in female participants aged 10 to 18 with this deformity. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test and post-test design with 51 females diagnosed with flexible flat foot. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (local and comprehensive) and one control group. A navicular drop test was conducted to assess foot posture. The experimental groups engaged in corrective exercises for six weeks (three sessions per week for 30 minutes), while the control group maintained their usual activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of ankle proprioception, balance, and navicular drop were conducted using a goniometer, the Sharpened Romberg test, and the Brody test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 26, involving covariance analysis for between-group differences and paired sample tests for within-group changes.
Findings: The results indicated that the experimental groups showed significant improvements in proprioception, navicular drop, and balance after the interventions (P=0.000), whereas the control group exhibited no significant changes (P>0.05). Additionally, the experimental groups outperformed the control group in the post-test assessments.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that a six-week program of corrective exercises effectively enhances proprioception, balance, and movement performance in girls aged 10 to 18 with flexible flat foot.
