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Khatere Teknik, Reza Rajabi, Hooman Minoonejad,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The current study aims to investigate the immediate effect of a researcher-made wedge treadmill on the activity of the selected lower limb muscles of flat feet individuals, so by activating the muscles, it can be used to help in the area of corrective exercise and correction of flat feet, rehabilitation and injury prevention.
Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental intervention based on the creation and introduction of a new tool and its effect evaluation. 16 subjects over 18 years old with flat feet deformity were included in this study. The subjects performed the protocol of walking at a normal speed on the researcher-made wedge treadmill at each of the lateral angles of 0, 5 and 15 degrees for 90 seconds. The electromyographic activity of five selected muscles was recorded at those angles. Statistical analysis was performed on Matlab and SPSS software. Friedman's test was used to evaluate the significant differences between angles and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare two-by-two means.
Results: According to the results, the average activity of selected muscles (peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus and hallucis longus) during walking between angles of 5 and 15 degrees on a wedge treadmill had a statistically significant difference compared to 0 degrees (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the amount of muscle activity of the lower limbs of subjects with flat feet during walking at 5 and 15-degree lateral angles has a significant difference compared to the same people walking at a zero-degree angle. Our results suggest that using the researcher-made wedge treadmill can significantly increase lower limb muscle activity in people with flat feet.
Mr Hadi Habibi, Dr Ali Asghar Ravasi, Dr Neda Khaledi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
The impact of maternal physical activity on offspring health and phenotypic changes due to exercise has emerged as a significant area of interest in exercise physiology in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a maternal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in the skeletal muscle of first-generation offspring in Wistar rats. Twenty-four 8-week-old female Wistar rats were acclimatized to the environment and then divided into three groups: a maternal control group, a maternal pre-pregnancy exercise group, and a maternal exercise group that trained both before and during pregnancy. The pre-pregnancy exercise regimen lasted 6 weeks, while the exercise during pregnancy lasted 3 weeks. The exercise protocol involved treadmill running, consisting of 5 days per week, with each session including 1 minute of running at 85-100% of VO2peak and a 10% incline, followed by 2 minutes of rest at 65% of VO2peak and 0% incline. The number of intervals started at 10 and increased based on the overload principle. The control group remained sedentary during this period. After the exercise period and the birth of the offspring, male offspring were categorized according to their maternal groups, and the expression levels of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in their skeletal muscle were evaluated at 10 weeks of age. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.
The results indicated that after the 6-week HIIT program, both the pre-pregnancy exercise group and the group that exercised before and during pregnancy showed significant differences in speed and distance in the functional performance test compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant differences were observed in the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes among the groups after the birth of the offspring. These differences were significant between the pre-pregnancy exercise group, the pre- and during-pregnancy exercise group, and the control group (P < 0.05). It appears that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy induces changes in the mitochondrial genotype of the offspring, with a more pronounced effect on the expression of mitochondrial genes such as PGC1α and SIRT1 when exercise occurs both before and during pregnancy compared to exercise before pregnancy alone.
Kia Salimi, Ali Asghar Ravasi, Siroos Choobineh, Kamran Rakhshan ,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and purpose: Structural remodeling of the heart following myocardial infarction often leads to heart failure, a condition characterized by impaired cardiac function and increased hemodynamic load. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and ventricular remodeling play key roles in the pathogenesis of heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined administration of propionate and low-volume HIIT on inflammatory status and cardiac function in mice with heart failure.
Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 200–250 g) were induced with HF by isoproterenol injection (130 mg/kg) and randomly assigned to five groups: (1) Control, (2) heart failure, (3) heart failure + Propionate, (4) heart failure + HIIT, and (5) heart failure + HIIT + Propionate. HIIT consisted of 10 one-minute bouts with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio, performed over 6 weeks. Propionate was administered orally at a dose of 1000 mg/kg prior to each training session. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, and cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).
Findings: Both HIIT and propionate individually improved cardiac function and inflammatory markers. The combined intervention significantly increased ejection fraction (p = 0.038) and fractional shortening (p=0.023), reduced TNF-α (p=0.0061), and increased IL-10 levels (p=0.0007), yielding superior outcomes compared with individual treatments.
Discussion and conclusion: This study demonstrates that the combination of propionate supplementation with low-volume HIIT effectively improves inflammation and cardiac function in rats with heart failure.
Mr Mojtaba Ashrostaghi, Dr Elham Shirzad,
Volume 13, Issue 10 (10-2015)
Abstract
Take-off is the critical phase of the long jump event. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships
between different variables and success in take-off. 37 trials performed by 8 long jumper, participants in
fourth indoor Asian senior athletics championships held in Tehran, with personal best average of 7.68±0.28
meter were recorded at 300 Hz. Five speed-related, five technical and four strength-related variables as well
as an anthropometric variable were measured using motion analysis software. More gain in vertical velocity
and less loss of horizontal velocity are considered as two criteria of take-off success and their relationships
with other variables were determined through correlation and regression analysis. Significant level of 0.05
was set. Some variables of all four groups were significantly correlated with success criteria. These variables
along with some others were entered in regression equations. The results emphasized on dominant role of
the technique and approach velocity and represented the effect of anthropometric characteristics on success
in takeoff. Furthermore eccentric strength of knee extensors was shown as the main strength factor in this
performance.
Mr Iman Rouzbeh, Dr Amirhossein Barati, Dr Hooman Minoonejad,
Volume 19, Issue 21 (9-2021)
Abstract
As Squat is a popular exercise for support of lower extremity muscles in order to injury prevention this study has been hold to comprise the electromyography of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles in three Squat techniques of man soccer players. 15 soccer players, aged 18-25 years old, who had regular exercise more than two years did open, closed and lung Squats exercise while electromyography of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles were recorded. Data analyzed by using dependent and independent T test and repeated measure ANOVA. There was not significant difference of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles’ electromyography during getting up, going down phases and also for different squat techniques. The vastus lateralis muscle show more activity in all conditions. Though, it is recommended that vastus medialis has bold role for controlling of squat exercise, reduction of Q angle and participants’ knee varus in this study can be the reason of antithesis.
, , Elham Shirzad,
Volume 19, Issue 21 (9-2021)
Abstract
Despite the importance of talent for sports, but it has yet received little attention. The purpose of this study was to present a pattern design for talent identification in karate based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Subjects divided to adolescent elite karate athletes (n = 19) and non-karate athletes adolescent (n=20) by convenience sampling. Besed on previous literature, we selected and measured biomechanical and anthropometric variables. The normal distribution of all data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test. Principal component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the number of variables and identify the most important anthropometric and biomechanical variables. Then, for modeling, the neural network algorithm was used with three input layer (10 neurons), middle (7 neurons) and output (2 neurons). The results showed the most important anthropometric variables of adolescent elite karate athletes were thoracic subcutaneous fat, height, jump, static balance, grip strength, chest circumference, ankle circumference, abdominal subcutaneous fat and apparent length leg respectively. Also, percentage of correct classification and sensitive of data was high and 87% and 85% respectively. According to the results of this study, this method can be used for talent karate athletes along with other methods.
Dr Amir Ghiamirad, Mr Farhad Esmkhani, Mr Salar Hariri,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics of the two skills of Judan and Chudan Giakozuki Karate, professional and semi-professional male men. Methods: 10 Professional and 10 semi¬-professional amateur male Karate athlethes participated in this study and performed the techniques. The ground reaction force during the impact, which was an indirect parameter to calculate the impact power, was measured using a force plate with a frequency of 250 Hz. The ADXL320 accelerometer was also used to calculate the hand transfer acceleration. The motion data were recorded using Phase Space real time optical tracking system with 8 high speed cameras at 480 fps. Then the kinematic parameters associated with each fist were modeled and quantified by a three-dimensional imaging system.Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the research data.The test results in the parameters of wrist, elbow, shoulder movement in Judan and Chuadan Gyakozuki skills, ground reaction force, peak speed of elbow and shoulder in Chuan Gyakozuki skill, peak wrist velocity in Judan Gyakozuki skill in semi-professional karate and professional showed a significant difference. Fainaly, the results showed that the type of impact and the level of experience of karatekas were the main factors in determining the size of the displacement parameters and peak velocity, which are considered an important factor in success in competitions and lead to better scores in competitions.
Dr Ali Asghar Ravasi, Dr Mousa Khalafi, Dr Karim Azali Alamdari,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and objective: Effects of exercise training on metabolic disorders through modifications in fibroblast growth factor -21 (FGF-21) level are controversial. Therefore, the aim of study was to determine the quantitative effect of exercise training protocols on serum FGF-21 level in adults with metabolic disorders. Methods: A systematic search of the published Persian or English-language studies from PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to march 2021 was done and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects models. Results: a total of 14 studies (aerobic training=3, resistance training=3, HIIT=4, concurrent training=4) including on 19 interventions conducted on 503 subjects (with overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and or fatty liver disease) were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. However, because of the heterogeneity, the final quantitative impact of 16 interventions was calculated as a declining serum FGF21 level after training [SMD=-0.44(CI: -0.65 to -0.22) p=0.001] which had no correlation with subjects age(p=0.10) or BMI(p=0.50) level. Conclusion: exercise training protocols are efficient tools for a remarkable decrease in serum FGF-21 in patients with metabolic disorders which seems to lead to more beneficial effects on metabolic disturbances. However, more clinical trials are still warranted in this area considering the role of exercise components such as exercise intensity and type
Mohammad Alimoradi, Mansur Sahebazamini, Roya Bigtashkhani,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The movement patterns play a key role in the incidence of non-contact ACL injuries. This study attempts to investigate the effect of the +11 program on the jump-landing pattern in female amateur soccer players. Methods: 30 female amateur soccer players were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group performed the +11 program 3 times per week for 16 weeks whereas the control group maintained their regular warm-up method during the study. The jump-landing pattern of the players was investigated by a Special football jump-landing task using the landing error scoring system. Results: The results of the study showed that the 16 weeks of implementation of the +11 program significantly improved the jump-landing error scores of the players in the experimental group. Also, comparison of the results between experimental and control groups showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the +11 program could improve the jump-landing pattern of the female soccer players in pre_ participation evaluation (PPE). Therefore, trainers are advised to use this program as an alternative to regular warm-ups in order to prevent injury.
, , ,
Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hyper-kyphosis anomalies are common disorders of spine. The aim of this study was to Establishment of dynamic postural assessment indicators in young girls with and without hyper-kyphosis.
In the study, 200 girls were selected according to the angle of kyphosis they were divided into two groups comprising of with and without Hyper-kyphosis. Evaluate dynamic posture, the tests back flattening, wall angle position, bilateral forward reach, pelvic tail tuck, head hanging forward, shoulder mobility, shoulder range in internal rotation and external rotation were used. The results showed a significant difference between the partial and general scores of the dynamic body condition assessment test for girls, with and without Hyper-kyphosis. The normal kyphosis group had better dynamic posture than the Hyper-kyphosis group. Dynamic body posture assessment tests can be considered good tool to assess and identify the limitations and movement disorders of people with Hyper-kyphosis.
Dr Mohammad Yousefi, Mr Hamidreza Zanguie,
Volume 20, Issue 24 (3-2023)
Abstract
Genovarum and Genovalgum are the most common postural deformities of the knee joint. A quadriceps angle is used to measure these anomalies. Methods of measuring this angle are divided into two categories: invasive and non-invasive. The purpose of the present research was to study the inter/intra rater reliability of the non-invasive Body Landmarks Analyzer method for measuring of the quadriceps angle. Seventeen males (Age: 23.40 ± 1.7 years, height: 176.32 ± 6.41 cm, weight: 72.25 ± 14.6 kg, and BMI: 22.33 ± 1.38, kg/m2). participated in this study. Body landmarks analyzer system consists of a pen (sender) and camera (receiver), both of which are equipped with IR sensors. Anatomical Landmarks of the ASIS, medial and lateral epicondyle, tibial tuberosity, and medial and lateral malleolus were used to diagnose and calculate the quadriceps angle position. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) two-way mixed model on absolute agreement was used to identify the inter/intra raters’ reliability. The results showed that the intra-rater reliability for the first technician was 0.83; The second technician is 0.81 and the third technician is 0.8. In addition, the inter-rater reliability was also 0.85. Therefore, it can be stated that the Body Landmark Analyzer method has good reliability for use in the extraction of knee joint abnormalities. Therefore, it can be suggested that this system be used along with other non-invasive methods.
Ghazal Mohammad Gholipour Aghdam, Dr Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Dr Hooman Minoonejad, Dr Elham Shirzad,
Volume 20, Issue 24 (3-2023)
Abstract
Neurocognitive motor tasks have been shown to have an effective relationship with athletic performance and musculoskeletal injuries. Cognitive changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery may lead to adverse knee biomechanical changes and an increased risk of secondary injury. This study aimed to compare the kinetics of athletes with a history of ACL reconstruction and those without injuries. A total of 30 professional male soccer players, comprising 15 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction athletes who had returned to the performance and 15 healthy athletes, participated in this study. The subjects performed at least 5 drop landings with cognitive intervention to decide the landing point on the force plate. The maximum ground reaction force, time to stability and center of pressure with length of path index were calculated at the moment of landing. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the variables. The results indicated a significant difference in four variables: the maximum mean vertical ground reaction force in all landings (p = 0.04), the maximum mean vertical ground reaction force in the best landings (p = 0.01), the maximum average vertical ground reaction force in all landings (p = 0.01), and the maximum mean mediolateral ground reaction force in the best landings (p = 0.03). However, no statistical significance was observed in the variable of maximum time to stability in all landing classes (p > 0.05).The study findings suggest that impaired decision-making with cognitive interference during the flight phase may increase the risk of re-injury in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Mr Masoud Sebyani, Dr Hooman Minoonejad, Dr Elham Shirzad, Dr Mohammadhossein Alizadeh,
Volume 21, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
The Prone Hip Extension test (PHE) is used to evaluate the quality of motor control in the lumbopelvic region. Because of the similarity of this test to the walking and running pattern, it seems that muscle interaction in this test is important in hamstring injury. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of changing the activation patterns of muscles in prone hip extension on kinematical variables affecting hamstring injury. 28 male soccer players participated in this study. The prone hip extension test was used to evaluate and classify subjects, and based on the activation pattern, they were divided into two groups: normal pattern (N=14) and altered pattern (N=14). We used the Myon electromyography device to evaluate the prone hip extension test muscles activation pattern. Also, the kinematic evaluation of running was done on a treadmill at a speed of 20 km/h. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional video analyses were used to extract kinematic data (pelvic tilt, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk flexion). The range of motion in a running cycle and the amount of each variable at the moment of initial foot contact were used. An Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. The results of this research showed that there is a significant difference in the amount of trunk lateral flexion (p= 0/002), and trunk flexion (p= 0/024) at the moment of the initial foot contact and the range of motion of trunk lateral flexion (p=0/019), and trunk flexion (p=0/035) and pelvic tilt (p=0/008) in a running cycle between the changed pattern group and the normal group. The results of this research showed that changing the pattern of muscle activation in the prone hip extension test can increase the risk of a hamstring injury.
Mr Reza Asadi, Dr Mohammad Reza Kordi, Dr Fatemeh Shabkhiz,
Volume 21, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes play an important role in the progression of MS. Appropriate exercise training and living in an enriched environment (EE) can improve or prevent the progression of the disease through the secretion of some neurodevelopmental factors in the hippocampus, including irisin and the neutrophic factor derived from the mouse. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic and resistance training and EE on irisin protein and hippocampus BDNF levels in female C57BL6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 50 female mice (age 8 weeks, average weight 18 ± 2 grams) were randomly divided into five equal groups (10 mice in each group): 1- healthy control, 2- control + EAE, 3- resistance activity + EAE, 4- Aerobic activity + EAE and 5- EE + EAE. The first and second weeks of adaptation to the environment and then induction of EAE were performed. The training groups trained 5 days a week for half an hour a day for 4 weeks, and the EE group was transferred to its equipped cage. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized and then dissected and tissue removed. The ELISA method was used to measure the amounts of proteins, and the analysis of variance and Tukey's t-test were used to determine the differences between the research variables. All analyzes were performed at a significance level of 0.05 and with SPSS22 software. Hippocampal BDNF expression was increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group. This increase in the EE and resistance training group was significant compared to both the EAE control group and the swimming training group. Also, hippocampal irisin expression increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group, and this increase was significant in the EE and resistance training groups. Also, the expression of irisin in the EE group increased more than the two aerobic swimming and resistance training groups, and this increase was proportional to It was meaningful to the swimming aerobic training group. It seems that EE and resistance training can increase the secretion of nerve growth factors such as irisin and BDNF and thus help to improve MS disease.
Fatima Riyahi, Heydar Sadeghi, Elham Shirzad,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The fencing lunge is one of the most common and fundamental attacking moves in fencing. The aim of this study was to provide kinematical compare of upper extremity among elite female and male senior fencers when performing a lunge. Four female and four male members of Iran National Team were selected as research sample. The participants were filmed when performing a complete lunge with a camera of 300 Hz sampling rate to evaluate kinematical parameters. The student's-t test revealed that elite male fencers had significantly shorter reaction and movement time comparing with elite female fencers. No major differences in other kinematic parameters indicate that elite male and female fencers performed lunge in similar way. The final conclusion of this study is that the existing differences in time of lunge technique may suggest the need for alternative training strategies to prepare fencing athletes.The examination of the kinematic analysis of the upper body in male and female elite fencers demonstrated that the dissimilarity in the execution speed of the lunge technique between the two genders cannot be accounted for by kinematic changes in joint movements. The differences highlighted in this study can serve as a basis for formulating distinct training and coaching strategies, with the aim of better preparing athletes for decision making and quick movements.
Ehsan Tasoujian, Homman Minoonejad, Mr Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Shahrzad Zandi,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Purpose: Volleyball has a high potential for shoulder dyskinesia due to the repetitive nature of it’s movements, so the aim was to investigate electromyography analysis of shoulder girdle muscle in male volleyball players with different types of scapular dyskinesia while performing a floater serve.
Methods: The current research method is the causal-comparative type. 41 volleyball players were selected non-randomly and purposefully and were divided into three groups (n=13 Pattern I, n=13 Pattern II, n=13 without scapulae dyskinesia). Electromyography of serratus anterior, upper, middle, and lower trapezius was evaluated while performing a floater serve using MyoMuscle.
Results: The results showed that during the acceleration phase of the serving, there was a significant difference in EMG of the upper trapezius (p=0.009) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern II and no-dyskinesia, and there was a significant difference in EMG of serratus anterior (p=0.007) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern I and no-dyskinesia,
Conclusion: It seems that during the acceleration phase, volleyball players with pattern II experienced an abnormal increase in upper trapezius activity and inhibition of the middle trapezius activity, while probably volleyball players with pattern I experience inhibition the activity of the middle trapezius and serratus anterior.
Elmira Ahmadi, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Mohamadreza Kordi, Reza Gharakhanlou, Gregory Pearcey,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brains of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into three groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. The results showed no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and the swimming training group, but the amount of IL-10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. The ratio of IL-10/IL-6 values between the swimming training group and the EAE group was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without changing the pro-inflammatory factor, along with increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue in the EAE group and the swimming exercise group.
Farshid Aghabeigi, Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Hooman Minoonejad,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The purpose of this research was to design and implement a system for the surveillance of sports injuries in students. Methods: Sports injuries of male and female high school students in Ilam province were recorded by physical education teachers using online methods and paper forms during one academic semester. At the end, a questionnaire was used to survey them regarding these methods. The research is of a descriptive-comparative type and Chi-square (x2) was used at the significance level (P<0.05) to analyze the results.
Results: A total of 151 injuries were reported, of which 76 injuries (50.4 percent) were registered with the online method, 70 injuries (46.3 percent) with the online paper method, and 5 injuries (3.3 percent) with the paper method. Online registration (146 injuries) is significantly more used than paper registration (75 injuries) (p=0.001).
Conclusion: physical education teachers give the reasons for using the online method more: availability, easier working with it, and recovery It is easier to record information. On the other hand, they mentioned the interruption and slowness of the internet speed as things that can cause disruption. According to the results, it seems that the use of online methods is more effective in registering sports injuries in schools.
Samira Emadi, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Mohammadreza Kordi, Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction:Disruption of the homeostasis of immune regulatory mediators Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Ornithine decarboxylase-1(ODC-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activities play a role in controlling and improving the symptoms of MS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of physical activity in enriched movement environment on the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum tissue of an MS mice model.
Method: This experimental study was conducted on 30 female C57BL/6 mice (age: 8 weeks and average weight: 18 ± 2). Mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 including 1) healthy control, 2) Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and 3) EAE + physical activity in enriched movement environment for 4 weeks. Clinical score were recorded daily from induction until 28 days. The gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum was measured by RT-PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance.
Results: Activity in the enriched movement environment significantly decreased the gene expression of AhR compared to the EAE group (P=0/02) and also decreased the gene expression of ODC-1, but it was not statistically significant (P=0/28). Also, the clinical score improved significantly after activity in the enriched movement environment (P= 0/001).
Conclusion: In general, it seems that lifestyle change and activity in enriched movement environment lead to the down regulation of the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum and improved the clinical score of animals with MS.
Hamidreza Zanguie, Mohammad Yousefi, Abbas Farjadpezeshk, Khorshid Bijari,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Most studies have compared the single-leg landing task in terms of biomechanical characteristics, especially kinematics and kinetics of movement planes, and concluded that reliability for knee valgus angles and hip adduction is moderate to excellent. However, no studies have been conducted on the reliability of different types of single-leg landing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review studies investigated the reliability of single-leg landing types to evaluate the biomechanics of the knee joint.
Methods: The relevant articles from valid databases with the keywords Single Leg Landing, Landing, Kinematic, Biomechanics, Return to Sport, Performance Test, Functional Test, Hop Test, Kinetic thematic search methods from 1995 to 2023 were examined.
Result: A total of 1022 articles were identified then duplicate studies were eliminated in the next stage, the titles and abstracts of the studies were reviewed and 439 studies were excluded due to inconsistency with the research question. Finally, only 9 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined.
Conclusion: This study showed that different single-leg landing tasks for kinematic variables, including internal rotation, adduction, hip flexion, knee extension, knee valgus, trunk lateral flexion, and pelvic tilt have good reliability.
