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Camelina (Cruciferae), is an oilseed. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer, non-toxic, and biocompatible which favors potentially broad application in biotic and abiotic stress. Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost all living organisms because it plays a critical role in metabolic processes respiration, and photosynthesis. In this research, examined the salinity (0, 8, 12, ds/m), (0, 5/12, 7/6 g/l) chitosan (0, 0.2, 0.4, g/l) and iron (0, 3, 6, g/l) based on a randomized block design with three replications. The sodium, root growth increased significantly in salinity. The irons and growth parameters decreased because the ionic ratio has been changed. Root increased to provide water. Due to the destructive effects of salinity, the increase of sodium has also affected other parameters and caused the decrease of iron and calcium. Stress has been reduced the shoot growth by affecting the growth of the plant. In this study, the interaction of salinity, chitosan, and iron, it was observed that the stem length, biomass, RWC, ions, carbohydrates increased and the root growth decreased. It has effect on RWC, regulating ions and compatible solutes, have been able to maintain the plant's conditions like stress-free conditions reduce the effects of salinity, and help plant growth.
 

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Deactivation of drugs by enzymes, especially UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), is a reasons for resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of UGT1A3, UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 enzymes with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The structure of enzymes was made by homology modeling method and the structure of 300 tyrosine kinase inhibitors was obtained from Pubchem database. Molecular docking simulation was performed by PyRx 0.8 software and the complexes were sorted based on the most negative binding energy and zero RMSD and the amino acids involved in the binding were analyzed. In total, forty-five drugs were introduced as possible substrates of these three enzymes. The results showed that the binding site of these drugs were to the amino acids of the active site of the enzymes and the binding energy of the ligands to UGT1A1 was more negative than the other two enzymes. It can be suggested that the possible glucuronidation of these inhibitors by UGT enzymes can lead to two important events: first, their rapid removal from the blood circulation and creating drug resistance, and second, preventing bilirubin glucuronidation and increasing serum bilirubin level. Therefore, laboratory investigation of the relationship between these inhibitors and UGT enzymes can be necessary.
 

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Herbs such as wheat sprout are rich in antioxidants including vitamin E, thiamine, zinc, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, aminophenol and aminobenzoic acids. We investigated the protective effect of wheat sprout extract against lead acetate treatment of ovaries. Lead toxicity causes body weakness, disability and mental performance in children, deafness and blindness, reduction in sperm quality and decreased female fertility. We used 30 female adult Wistar rats divided into six groups: untreated control, 10 mg lead, 100 and 200 mg wheat sprout extracts, and lead plus 100 and 200 mg wheat sprout extract.  In comparison to control grpoup, The weight of the rat and ovaries were reduced in the 10 mg lead treated and the thickness of the inner and outer part of the ovarian capsule, and diameter and number of follicles were reduced, while the number of atretic follicles was increased. Wheat sprout extract can reverse the damage caused by lead in a dose dependent manner.

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Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers, causing significant mortality worldwide. Nepeta species, known for their distinct aroma and taste, have garnered attention in the food industry. Given their phenolic compounds, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Nepeta binaludensis and N. glomerulosa extracts on AGS gastric cancer cell lines and assess changes in BAX gene expression. Both species were collected from the Binalud Mountains in Khorasan, and their hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared via maceration. The amounts of caffeic acid and Rosmarinic acid were measured using HPLC. The extracts' cytotoxic effects were evaluated with the MTT assay, and apoptosis induction was assessed via DAPI staining. Changes in BAX gene expression were measured using real-time PCR. The IC50 values after 48 hours were 3.70 mg/mL for N. binaludensis extract and 6.92 mg/mL for N. glomerulosa extract. Apoptosis induction was observed under both treatments, but N. binaludensis extract, which contained higher Rosmarinic acid, significantly increased BAX expression compared to the control group. Thus, these extracts may inhibit gastric cancer cell growth, with N. binaludensis showing greater efficacy through BAX-mediated apoptosis induction compared to N. glomerulosa.

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Consumers in poor nations are at risk from foodborne infections. Nanotechnology may help find food-grade antimicrobials. This research compares the antibacterial effects of silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs) and sodium hypochlorite on food-contaminating pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Kluyveromyces marxianus. This work chemically produced silver and copper NPs. We discovered the produced nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties. SEM verified morphology and size. Synthesized copper and silver NPs were X-ray diffraction-analyzed. To assess the antibacterial activity of silver, copper NPs, and sodium hypochlorite, the MIC and MBC were defined. Diffusion tests from the well assessed nanoparticle antibacterial activity. SEM micrographs revealed copper and silver nanoparticles' spherical shape. This study found functional group stretching vibrations in silver and copper NPs using FTIR. XRD revealed copper and silver NP crystal structures. In the treatment of infections with varying silver and copper nanoparticle concentrations, non-growth halo indicated antibacterial efficacy. In addition, silver and copper nanoparticles have substantial MIC/MBC against the infections. Producing food packaging materials that are safe and long-lasting requires bacterial sensitivity to nanoparticles. This work synthesized silver and copper NPs to minimize food contamination and health hazards.

 

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The identification and introduction of medicinal plants hold significant importance in modern life. The genus Pycnocycla, belonging to the Apiaceae family, includes eight endemic species in Iran. P. spinosa has attracted attention due to its medicinal properties. This study aims to investigate the effect of three habitats (the Damghan, Semnan, and Kerman city) on the antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained from Pycnocycla spinosa using different solvents. To examine the antimicrobial properties, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts at a concentration of 2 mg/ml were tested against two pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica, using the agar disk diffusion method. The results indicated that the extracts had varying effects on the bacteria. Additionally, the different geographical regions of Iran, due to their distinct climatic conditions, exhibited varying effects on the bacteria. Extracts from Kerman, especially those using methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica. Therefore, the type of solvent and habitat can significantly influence the antimicrobial properties of plants.

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The cultivation project of Kelussia odoratissima in Central Zagros was initiated to promote the sustainable use of rangelands, develop economically viable secondary products, mitigate soil erosion, and support marginal farmers while preserving the habitat of this endangered species. A total of 85 participants in the Kelussia cultivation project were surveyed to identify the key motivational factors influencing their engagement. Using a logit regression model in Shazam software, the study found that the most significant factors at the 1% statistical level were the "desire to conduct new experiments" and the "willingness to participate in similar projects." Additionally, factors such as "satisfaction with received assistance," "agricultural experience," "education," "age," "marital status," and "gender (female)" were significant at the 5% level in influencing project acceptance. The highest Weighted Aggregated Elasticity was observed for the "desire to conduct new experiments" variable. A 1% increase in new project opportunities resulted in a 0.93% increase in participation willingness, while female participation increased the probability of engagement by 0.014%. Given the economic potential of rangelands, it is recommended that future studies examine the socio-economic factors influencing project acceptance to enhance sustainable conservation efforts.

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Ferula gummosa Boiss. as a valuable pharmaceutical and industrial plant grows in Iran. In order to minimize seed dormancy period and micropropagation, callus induction and embryogenesis were evaluated. The plantlets of the seeds were separated and cultured in the 1/2 MS medium. After 14 days, root, hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf explants were separated. Then they were transferred to the basal MS medium containing different concentrations of growth regulators. Different developmental stages of somatic embryos were evaluated. Seedlings 2-3 days after locating in 1/2 MS medium germinated and whole plantlets were obtained after 12 days. In the callus induction phase growth regulator composition 1.5 mgl^-1 of NAA and 0.5 mgl^-1 of BA with root explants had proper results. In the somatic embryogenesis phase MS medium containing 0.5 mgl^-1 of 2,4-D accompanied by 1 mgl^-1 of BA lead to desirable results. Via taken sections from the embryos, different developmental stages of somatic embryos including pre-embryo, globular, heart shaped, torpedo and cotyledonary embryo were observed. In vitro culture of embryo to accelerate germination and elimination of long dormancy period and using this optimized method are strongly suggested for micropropagation of this plant so this valuable endemic plant may survive from extinction, too.
 

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF-2, is a crucial member of the fibroblast growth factor family, involved in a variety of biological functions including cellular proliferation, wound healing, angiogenesis, intercellular signalling, and cell differentiation, In contemporary stem cell research, serum-free media enriched with various additives and growth factors are employed, and among these, bFGF being particularly significant. Despite its extensive potential applications, the clinical utilization of bFGF is limited due to its instability, especially in aqueous environment. Therefore, a thorough investigation of the protein's structural integrity and stability is essential. This study focuses on the expression, purification, and characterization of bFGF for structural and stability analysis through biophysical methods. Intrinsic fluorescence measurement indicated a structural alteration surrounding the tryptophan residue, while circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed a decrease in the protein’s secondary structure. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) used for stability analysis. Furthermore, the study aims to evaluate the biological activity of the protein in cellular context. For this purpose, gold nanoparticles were synthesized. The results from the Cell Migration Assay indicated that the proliferation of HT29 cells was enhanced following treatment with bFGF in conjunction with gold nanoparticles. Also, a MTT assay was conducted.

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Plant secondary metabolites like phenols and flavonoids neutralize free radicals and are linked to antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Due to rising drug resistance in pathogens such as Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, medicinal herbs are increasingly explored for antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial effects of Arctium lappa. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant levels were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu, Aluminum chloride, FRAP, and DPPH assays, respectively. Antibacterial activities were assessed by microdilution broth and disc diffusion methods to determine MIC50 and MBC values. Results showed that A. lappa ethanolic extract, prepared with diluted water and the boiling method, had the highest flavonoid content (7.9 ± 0.40 mg/g DW). The leaves and flowers extract, using methanol and the boiling method, had the highest phenolic content (62.13 ± 0.73 mg/g DW) and antioxidant capacity. The ethanolic extract of A. lappa leaves also demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity, with an MBC of 0.140 mg/mL and an 8 ± 0.4 mm inhibition zone against all tested bacteria. These findings suggest A. lappa bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics and flavonoids, offer promising potential for treating bacterial infections in pharmacognostic applications.
 

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The water crisis in desert areas, including Ardakan city, has caused some industries to use industrial effluents and urban sewage as water sources to irrigate green spaces for the development of green spaces. Chadormello Industrial Complex is one of the industries that, in line with the management of this crisis, irrigates the green space created there with the water resources available at the factory site, i.e. industrial effluent and purified urban sewage. The purpose of this research is to investigate some morphological and physiological traits of a number of plants cultivated in this complex, which are irrigated with the mentioned water sources or gray water. This research is in the form of a complete randomized block design with three water treatments including three types of urban sewage treatment water, industrial wastewater and a mixture of both types of water in three replications for six plant species: olive, eucalyptus, pomegranate, Tehran pine, Egyptian silk and bitter elder. Investigating the morphological characteristics of height and diameter of the trunk and measuring the physiological characteristics including the amount of some elements including iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cadmium and lead were done. The results showed that among the three applied treatments.

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The Roodbast Wetland in Babolsar city is a crucial source of agricultural water and supports various living organisms near human settlements. Preserving the quality of this habitat is vital for both natural and human reasons. This study investigates the ecological status of Roodbast Wetland using algae as biological indicators of pollution. Diverse samplings were conducted in different seasons. Pollution levels were assessed using the Palmer index and various biological indicators. The study cataloged 81 genera across 7 phyla of algae. Chlorophyta had the highest species diversity, while Chrysophyta had the fewest. Peak algae proliferation occurred in summer and spring. Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were predominant throughout most of the year. In summer, Palmer’s pollution index peaked at stations 3 and 4, with a value of 35. In winter, stations 2, 4, and 5 showed minimal pollution with indices of 6, 9, and 7, respectively. During summer and autumn, all stations recorded Palmer indices exceeding 24. The primary cause of wetland pollution in spring is the influx of sub-branches from Babolrood, carrying village sewage and agricultural runoff. The rise in pollution in summer and autumn is due to elevated water temperatures, reduced rainfall, and increased extraction of lagoon water for rice replanting.
 

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      This study aimed to assess the ecological and environmental conditions of the Talar River using epilithic and epipelic diatoms. Sampling was conducted seasonally from summer 2023 to spring 2024 at three selected stations. Simultaneous with diatom sampling, one-liter water samples were collected to measure physical and chemical parameters. Diatom samples were prepared and identified based on standard protocols. In total, 84 species from 24 genera were identified. The most diverse genera were Navicula, Nitzschia, and Gomphonema. Navicula cryptotenella had the highest cell abundance, followed by Nitzschia palea and Navicula rhynchocephala. Diversity indices such as Shannon, Simpson, and species evenness showed no significant spatial difference. The results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) between environmental variables and epilithic species showed that the first and second axes explained 41.09 and 14.81% of the total variance, respectively, accounting for 55.9% of the constrained variance. For epipelic species, the first and second axes explained 37.37 and 14.40% of the total variance, respectively, and together accounted for 51.77% of the constrained variance. Moreover, the analysis revealed a strong correlation between environmental variables (especially pH and phosphate) and diatom community structure in both habitats, underscoring the role of environmental factors in shaping their distribution patterns.

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Iranian black zira is an aromatic and medicinal plant from Apeaceae family. In order to investigate the effect of fertilization and tuber age on plant height, greening percentage, flowering percentage, and yield components, an experiment was conducted in field conditions in the form of 9 main plots including NPK fertilizer at three levels (control ), fertilizer 1(2.5 grams per liter), fertilizer 2 (with a concentration of 2 times and 5 grams per liter) and tuber age at two levels of three and four years (medium and three-year-old tubers ) was carried out in, fertilizer with 2 times concentration) and tuber age at two levels (three and four years old) was carried out in 1402-1403 in Kalat region of Khorasan Razavi.The results showed that tuber weight has a direct and positive effect on the percentage of germination, flowering, plant growth and yield. The highest percentage of greening (100%) and flowering (100%) was observed in large tubers and the lowest percentage of greening (51%) and flowering (16.93) was observed in medium tubers and 0 fertilizer (no fertilization).application of 20-20-20 fertilizer (NPK) and use of tubers with more age (weight) improved the growth and yield of Iranian black zira.

 

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This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications with aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress on root traits, allometric coefficient, and grain yield of Galega in three cultivation conditions (greenhouse, outdoor pots, and field) during 2024 cropping year. The results of variance analysis in greenhouse conditions showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on root diameter, root dry weight, and leaf dry weight. Specifically, salinity stress of 10 and 5 dS/m caused a 49 and 16 percent reduction in root diameter, 27 and 8 percent in root dry weight, and 49 and 10 percent in leaf dry weight, respectively. In outdoor pots, salinity stress had a significant effect on stem length, root volume, root diameter, root dry weight, stem dry weight and grain yield, and significant reductions were observed in these traits, reaching a maximum of 69% in stem dry weight. In field conditions, similar results were obtained, and salinity stress of 10 and 5 dS/m, respectively, caused a 78 and 67% reduction in grain yield and significant changes in other traits. Therefore, field cultivation conditions and lower salinity stress levels (below 5 dS/m) were superior for planting Galega.

 

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The different treatments in this experiment were foliar spraying of salinity reducer at five levels (control, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine without liquid fish waste fertilizer, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine with 15% (v/v) liquid fish waste fertilizer) on stevia plants grown under salt  stress conditions (0, 30, 60, 90 mM of NaCl). results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters,  relative water content,  a* and b* color and increased the activity of total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. Salinity at 90 mM decreased the relative water content by 44.7% compared to the not stress. Salinity 90 mM salinity stress increased 70.46% total carbohydrates, 66.66% in H₂O₂ , MDA by 66.66% , Electrolyte leakage (EL) by 67.04 and 47.21% proline content by  compared to the control. On the other hand, simultaneous application of glycine betaine and   fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth parameters especially at the highest salinity level (90 mM).

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The flora of a region is a key indicator of various ecosystem factors across geological periods, and plant identification is crucial for assessing natural capacity and land use. This study aimed to conduct a floristic survey of the Basiran Protected Area in Eqlid County, Fars Province. Plant samples were collected using a survey method and linear transects. From 250 collected samples, 94 species across 70 genera and 34 families were identified. Dicotyledons constituted the majority, with 82 species and 59 genera, while monocotyledons included 12 species from 11 genera. Fabaceae was the largest family (13 species), and Astragalus the largest genus (7 species). Significantly, 16 species (17%) were endemic to Iran. Phytoecological analysis revealed that 47 species (50%) were hemicryptophytes, and 59 species (63%) belonged to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region. The findings also highlight the adverse impacts of recent droughts, rising temperatures, and grazing pressure on the area's flora. Consequently, the study emphasizes the urgent need to reconsider current management and conservation policies, particularly concerning livestock grazing, medicinal plant harvesting, and wood collection, to ensure the long-term sustainability of this protected ecosystem.