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Nepeta binaludensis jamzad, as a medicinal plant, which is at risk of extinction due to irregular harvesting and damage of its habitat. Four treatments including: 1- inoculation with Azotobacter chooroccum, 2- inoculation with Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida, 3- inoculation with a mix of three bacteria (A. chooroccum + B. cereus + P. putida) and 4 controls (without inoculation), in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications in two vegetative growth stages (ten and twenty weeks after sowing). Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) improved all the evaluated morphological characteristics, including the length and dry weight of the aerial part, total leaf area and root length compared to the control. Also, the results of biochemical investigations showed that in 10 and 20 weeks old plants, the application of PGPB could increase the phenolic and flavonoid compounds and also antioxidant activity. The contain of some elements such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron and magnesium also increased as a result of inoculation with PGPB. Since the PGPB improved the growth and also increased the effective compounds of N. binaludensis plants, they can be introduced as useful bio fertilizers and considered as a good alternative to chemical fertilizers.

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Quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa) is considered a unique food source due to its rich protein content and high antioxidant activity related to polyphenols. In the present study, with the aim of selecting the quinoa seeds to send to space, the response of protein content, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity, and the germination index of its seeds to simulated vacuum conditions of space was evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in the seed germination index for the vacuum-treated group compared to the control group. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was higher in vacuum-treated seeds compared to the control group. Vacuum conditions significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds. The total seed protein content in the vacuum-treated and control groups was 25 and 35 mg/ml, respectively. The seed protein profile showed 13 distinct protein bands in the molecular weight range of 15 to 70 kilodaltons. The intensity of protein bands was significantly different between vacuum treatment and control groups. Structural changes in the seed pericarp as well as water and oil exit from the seeds under vacuum conditions can be the causes of different biochemical and physiological responses of quinoa seeds in the present study.
 

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     The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the essential oil chemical composition of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge were inoculated by spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation Glomus caledonium and foliar application of zinc chelate levels (0, 2, 4 and 8 g/L) in 2019, at Zarrin Giah greenhouse of Urmia city in West Azerbaijan Province, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were harvested at full flowering stage. Essential oils were obtained by Clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Comparison of means by Duncan's multiple range test showed that inoculation with Glomus caldonium had no significant effect on the essential oil yield of Satureja bachtiarica flowering shoots, but the foliar application of zinc chelate had statistically significant effect. However, there was no difference among different concentrations of zinc chelate in terms of effect on essential oil yield. The treatments also changed the essential oil composition compared to the essential oil of the control group. These changes included the reduction of beta-caryophyllene, sabinen hydrate, borneol and carvacryl acetate compounds and the increase of citral and octyl phthalate in the plant inoculated with mycorrhiza, as well as the increase of carvacrol in the essential oil of plants treated with zinc chelate.  Also, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and zinc chelate foliar application increased the amount of sesquiterpene & diterpene and monoterpene compounds, respectively. 

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This study was conducted to investigate the ecological niche overlap of two sympatric species, Paracapoeta trutta and Capoeta damascina in the Iranian part of the Sirvan River, Persian Gulf basin. For this purpose, during the winter of 2021, sampling was done from eight stations (each with three repetitions). After identification, samples were released into the same sampling sites. Then some 10 environmental factors including depth, water velocity, river width, pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Altitude, slope, and dissolved oxygen were measured and recorded. Investigating the habitat suitability indices of P. trutta  were recorded as pH 7.5-8, temperature about 10°C, TDS 150mg/liter, EC 400μS/cm, altitude 1150 m, depth 15cm, river width about 9m, velocity 1 m/s, slope 2% and dissolved oxygen 9mg/l and for C. damascina as pH 6-6.5, temperature about 10°C, TDS 180 to 200mg/l, EC 300μS/cm, altitude 1150m, depth 25cm, river width about 6m, velocity 0.5 m/s, the slope is 2% and the dissolved oxygen 8mg. The results of the ecological niche overlap showed that two species based on studied environmental factors had the highest overlap value for dissolved oxygen (0.646) and the  value for temperature (0.293). The average ecological niche overlap was 0.432 for the two species.
 

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Calyx of eggplant is recognized as agricultural byproducts containing significant levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds that facilitate the reduction of silver ions, enabling the eco-friendly production of silver oxide nanoparticles through a green synthesis approach. The utilization of silver oxide nanoparticles has garnered considerable interest in various industries due to their versatile applications and environmentally sustainable nature. Various analytical techniques such as ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were employed to confirm the formation of silver oxide nanoparticles and characterize their properties. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of the silver oxide nanoparticles and the aqueous extract of calyx of eggplant were evaluated through assays including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical inhibition, disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The absorption peak at 422 nm confirmed the presence of silver oxide nanoparticles, with a particle size of approximately 140 nm determined by DLS analysis and a spherical shape observed through SEM imaging. The biological activities of the silver oxide nanoparticles, including their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial effects were found to be superior to those of the aqueous calyx of eggplant extract.
 

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Legumes are common crops in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to investigate three levels of salinity stress on 18 lentil cultivars in the greenhouse and laboratories of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2016-2016 in a factorial manner in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of comparing average lentil genotypes were done with Duncan's method at the five percent probability level. Correlation was done in separate stress levels. The dendrogram of cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three groups in control and 60 mM conditions and two in 120 mM conditions. Genotypes 7 and 5 were in the top group in all groupings. The relationship between ISSR molecular markers and physiological traits was calculated among genotypes. All traits in three levels of salinity stress had a significant correlation with some ISSR markers. A total of 22 positive markers for physiological traits were identified at the control level, 9 positive markers at the moderate stress level, and 23 positive markers at the severe stress level. Among the 21 studied ISSR primers, the P8A11 marker had the largest number of gene loci related to the studied physiological traits.

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The aim of the present work was to produce a stable nanoemulsion containing clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (PCLO) and evaluate its antimicrobial activity. The effect of the preparation technique, the type of surfactant and the ratio of surfactant to oil was evaluated to optimize the preparation formula of oil-in-water nanoemulsion. The optimized formula prepared by low energy production method containing 4% w/w PCLO and 12% w/w mixed surfactant (SDS + Tween 80) produced a clear and stable nanoemulsion for 90 days with an average particle diameter below 150 nm. The antibacterial activity of pure PCLO and its nanoemulsions (NCLO) was investigated by disk diffusion, agar well, and broth methods in 3 indicator bacteria of gastrointestinal infections, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) as well as dynamic killing time were determined in the tested bacteria. Strong antibacterial activity of PCLO and NCLO was revealed in the concentration range of 1000-2000 ppm. The killing kinetics study showed that during the first 15 minutes of exposure to NCLO at the MIC concentration, there was a rapid and extensive reduction in the amount of viable microorganisms. The presented data, considering the optimal performance of antimicrobial substances in food, cosmetics and chemical industries, can help in the rational design of nanoemulsion-based essential oil delivery systems.
 

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Texture quality is an important factor in evaluating of fruits. The cut surfaces of the apple fruit turn brown because of the oxidation of phenolic compounds, triggered by polyphenol oxidase enzyme. Preventing the oxidation of phenolic substances and changing color of fruit are very important in the food industry. Due to the adverse effects of chemical additives on human health and increasing consumer preference for natural alternative compounds makes an interesting market for natural plant ingredients. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of some chemical and natural compounds including sodium metabisulfite, and citric acid, aromatic waters (sweats) of chicory, licorice and lemongrass on polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity of apple fruits. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was evaluated spectrophotometrically using pyrogallol as substrate. The optimum temperature and pH values were 32 °C and 7, respectively. It was found that the enzyme activity decreased due to use of natural compounds, sodium metabisulfite and citric acid. In conclusion, polyphenol oxidase activity can be reduced to prevent of fruits browning by using suitable natural compounds instead of chemicals.

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Long-term ethanol consumption leads to the destruction of neurons in the central nervous system and cells in the hippocampus by causing oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid that serves as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. This study sought to examine the impacts of astaxanthin on learning and memory impairments and oxidative damage within the hippocampus of mice induced by ethanol. 35 mice were divided into five groups (n=7): the control group didn't receive any treatment. The positive control group received 20 mg/kg ATX. The ethanol group received 20% ethanol, and two ATX treatment groups received doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, which first received 20% ethanol and then ATX. All treatments were done orally for 14 consecutive days. In this research, the novel object recognition test (NORT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and dopamine (DA) levels, and activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed in the hippocampus of mice. Ethanol consumption decreased the discrimination index in NORT, activities of CAT and SOD, and increased the levels of DA and MDA, compared to the control group. ATX treatment led to an increase in the discrimination index in NORT, activities of CAT and SOD, and a decrease in the levels of DA and MDA, compared to the ethanol group. Results showed astaxanthin's antioxidant properties can improve ethanol-induced cognitive defects and oxidative damage. Therefore, astaxanthin can be used as a potential food and drug supplement to reduce ethanol-induced disorders.

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Using the allelopathic property of some plant species is one of the proposed methods to reduce the use of chemical poisons. Anthriscus nemorosa is an aromatic plant belonging to the Apiaceae that grows naturally in the western and northern parts of in this study. Considering that so far the biochemical and allelopathic properties of this plant have not been investigated in Iran, in this study, the roots of this plant were collected from Khalkhal county and after drying in the shade, the essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 52 compounds were identified from the essential oil, representing 80.21% of the total oil. The main constituents were Myristicin (16.92%), Heptane (12.98%), Elemicin (12.54%), Gamma-Terpinene (12.50%), Decane (3.08%), Beta-Eudesmol (2.95%) and Beta-phellandrene (2.52%) and these compounds were remarkably different with that of A. nemorosa native to Serbia. To investigate the allelopathic effects of this plant, an experimental design was factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results of examining the effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts (with concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml) of the root of this plant on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.capitata) showed that all three extracts had an inhibitory effect on the germination percentage (%), shootlet growth and rootlet growth of lettuce. However, the hexane extract in all treated concentrations had a more inhibitory effect on the germination and shootlet growth of lettuce seed.
 

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Abstract. Seseli olivieri (Apiaceae) is an exclusive species of the Alborz Mountains, Iran. In this research, the effect of environmental conditions on the vegetative traits and essential oil compounds of this species was investigated. For this purpose, three habitats with different heights were selected and the vegetative characteristics of this species were measured. In each habitat, soil samples and flowering branches of this species were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The relationship between the functional traits of this species and environmental factors was determined using CA and PCA. Variance analysis of functional traits and soil parameters showed a significant difference between the three habitats. The highest values of vegetative traits were related to Tuyeh habitat. In Tange Kavard habitat, the main effective substances were Apiol and cis-Cadina-1(6),4-diene; in Enzo habitat, Apiol and Bornyl acetate; and in the Tuyeh habitat, Bornyl acetate and α-Pinene. Among the environmental factors, altitude, annual precipitation, annual temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month, minimum absolute temperature, lime and nitrogen had the most significant correlation with the functional traits of this plant. Based on the IUCN criteria, the conservation status of this species was determined in the critically endangered.
 

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Iran, having about 79 species of the genus Lamiaceae, is one of the regions of origin of this genus. About 77% of the identified species of the mentioned genus in Iran have been registered as exclusive species. There is an Iranian Nepeta species, which was previously taken as a separate species in botanical reference sources, but has been reclassified as a variety of Nepeta kotschyi in the flora of Iran (Jamzad, 2012). In this research, the correctness of the taxonomic position of these two species by examining their various morphological and micromorphological traits such as plant height, leaf size, canopy, type of hairs and nuts, using stereo electron microscope (SEM) photos and SPSS statistical studies. The results of morphological and microstructural studies of the two species N. persica and N. kotschyi showed that there is a significant difference in the characteristics such as the shape of the leaf, the hairs of its apertures and also the height of the two species. Although these differences in the size and shape of the seeds were not clearly observed, in this study, both N. kotschyi and N. persica species had reticulated nuts with papilus. Also, the appearance of the long hairs on the leaves of the two species is completely different. The hairs in N. persica species have papilus, but the hairs in N. persica species have a smooth surface. Therefore, it was suggested that the two species are independent.

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In recent years, the use of machine learning methods in various fields of agriculture is increasing, and these methods provide us with very good information for predicting and checking different levels of performance in plants. In the current research, according to the results of the preliminary experiment carried out previously with specific levels of salinity stress and fertilization (salinity stress levels of zero, 75 and 150 mM sodium chloride and fertilization levels of zero and 3 grams per liter of silica) which were previously carried out and using the nonlinear regression model (NLR) and Python programming language, the morphological and physiological traits of the fenugreek medicinal plant at the newly defined levels of salinity stress and silica fertilization (salinity of up to 300 mM level and silica fertilization in two levels of 1 and 2 grams per liter) were predicted without conducting practical tests and based on the levels of salinity and initial fertilization. The non-linear regression model is a widely used algorithm in data analysis where the relationship between variables is non-linear and can create meaningful relationships between variables using non-linear functions. The results showed that the positive effect of silica on the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) can be seen from zero to 180 mM salinity level and the amount of greenness index (SPAD) from zero to 100 mM salinity level. It seems that according to the results of the present research, it is possible to use machine learning to investigate and analyze the morphological and physiological characteristics of the fenugreek medicinal plant at other defined levels of salinity stress and other defined silica fertilization with no need conduct a practical experiment.

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ایدز (سندروم نقص ایمنی اکتسابی) یک وضعیت شدید و پیشرفته از عفونت ویروس نقص ایمنی انسانی (HIV) است که باعث ضعف سیستم ایمنی بدن می‌شود و برای عفونت‌های فرصت طلب و برخی از انواع سرطان‌ها پیش‌زمینه فراهم می‌کند. چرخه حیاتی HIV  شامل چندین آنزیم است که در تکثیر ویروس نقش دارند. یکی از این آنزیم‌ها، ترانس کریپتاز معکوس نام دارد. برای مدیریت بهتر درمان، معمولاً از ترکیبات درمانی مانند HAART استفاده می‌شود که از ترکیب چندین دارو تشکیل شده است تا بهبود اثربخشی درمان و کاهش مقاومت دارویی را فراهم آورد. در این مطالعه، با هدف ارزیابی داروهای نویراپین، رالتگراویر، ایندیناویر و کاندید‌های دارویی جدید در مهار آنزیم ترانس کریپتاز معکوس، ابتدا ساختارهای دارویی به روش‌های محاسباتی B3LYP و مجموعه پایه‌ی 6-311G بهینه‌سازی شدند و پارامترهای ترمودینامیکی مرتبط با آن‌ها محاسبه گردید. همه ترکیبات از مجموعه داده و ترکیبات طراحی‌شده برای پیش‌بینی ADMET استفاده شدند تا ویژگی‌های آن‌ها بررسی شود و همچنین برای ارزیابی داروهای بالقوه استفاده گردد. در پایان، با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی‌های داکینگ مولکولی، اثر مهارکنندگی نویراپین، رالتگراویر، ایندیناویر و کاندید‌های دارویی جدیدNVP2، RAL2 وIND2  با بهترین انرژی بایندینگ -9.34، -11.28 و -9.30  بر آنزیم ترانس کریپتاز معکوس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تحلیل‌های انجام‌شده در طول شبیه‌سازی نشان داد که ترکیبات NVP2، RAL2 وIND2  به خوبی در مهار آنزیم ترانس کریپتاز معکوس ویروس HIV-1 عمل می‌کنند.
 

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Ferroptosis, as a type of newly recognized iron-dependent programmed cell death, is closely related to aging. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of ferroptosis in the aging of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). GSE97311 dataset (containing expression data of fetal and adult MSCs) was analyzed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted. Then, among them, ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDEGs) were determined. In the next step, biological functions, protein-protein interactions, hub genes, upstream regulators, and inflammatory factors related to FRDEGs were analyzed using different bioinformatics methods. According to the analysis, 34 genes were identified as FRDEGs. Analysis of biological functions showed that these genes are mostly involved in oxidoreductase activities, fatty acid synthesis and response to iron ion. Also, the analyzes related to the signaling pathways also showed that these genes are mostly involved in the pathways related to types of cancers as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. According to the analysis, miR-26b-5p was identified as the most important miRNA and LINC00205 and GAS5 as the most important lncRNAs. Hub genes including HMOX1, EZH2, NEDD4L, PTGS2, CDKN2A, ATF3, NOX4, TXNIP, SNCA and MAPK3 were identified as the main genes of ferroptosis related to aging of MSCs. 

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Background: Nowadays, due to the increasing growth of production and consumption of nanoparticles, problems such as their entry into fersh waters and aquatic poisoning have arisen. Iron oxide nanoparticles are among the most widely used in this field. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a flowering plant belonging to the legume family, contains high amounts of protein, calcium, various vitamins and antioxidant effects. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3)and alfalfa plant on growth parameters and pathology of digestive tract, liver and kidney of koi fish (an example of carp fish with a variety of colors and eye-catching effect).
Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, the number of 60 koi fish larvae were randomly divided into 6 groups including the control group and 5 experimental groups. The effect of feeding koi fish larvae with biomar combined with 10% and 20% alfalfa and being exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 100 mg/l for 14 days in 5 treatment groups was investigated in comparison with the control group. The collected data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS 20 statistical software.
 

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 O Using the Maxent model and presence data for two species, Androctonus crassicauda and A. sistanus, from the scorpions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, which were collected through sampling and reviewing previous studies in the region, predictions have been made regarding their potential distribution. The results of this research, which predicts some ecological characteristics of scorpions, showed that the distribution of both species is greater in the northern regions of the province, and this distribution is expected to increase in the future. The average temperature in the wettest season of the year (Bio8), the amount of precipitation in the coldest month of the year (Bio19), and vegetation have played a role in modeling the current distribution of the species A. crassicauda, while the average temperature in the wettest season of the year (Bio8), vegetation, and the annual temperature range (Bio7) have been significant for the future (2070). Precipitation in the driest month of the year (Bio18) and vegetation cover have the gr

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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of some bio-elicitors and silver nitrate on the content of secondary metabolites in calli derived from leaf explants of silybum marianum. In this research, the best callus was achieved on MS medium containing KIN, thus this medium was chosen for further experiment. In the second experiment, leaf explants were cultured in a selected hormone-regulated medium. After 8 weeks of callus growth, bio elicitors including yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, fungus Aspergillus niger, and bacterium Pseudomonas putida in combination with silver nitrate as a non-living elicitor were added to the leaf-derived calli. Ten days after treatment, the phenolic compound content, antioxidant capacity, silymarin content, and PAL enzyme activity in the calli were measured. The results indicate that the simultaneous application of Yarrowia yeast and silver nitrate led to an improvement in the content of phenolic derivatives, silymarin, and PAL enzyme activity, and this was significant compared to other elicitors both with silver nitrate and without it. The researchers of this experiment suggest that the combined use of bio-elicitors especially Yarrowia lipolytica yeast, and silver nitrateinduces higher synthesis of medicinal metabolites in calli derived from leaf explants. 

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In order to investigate the effect of drought stress (field capacity, 50 and 30% of field capacity) and foliar spraying with selenium and carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (zero and 2 mg L^-1) on the growth and some physiological traits of rosemary; A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of  completely randomized  design in the research greenhouse of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University during 2023. Irrigation at field capacity and 50% of field capacity with carbon quantum dot spray increased the aerial part dry weight, nitrogen, and soluble solids content in the plant. The highest malondialdehyde content was observed in the 30% field capacity in the condition without foliar spraying. The proline content was increased by 50 and 30% field capacity with the application of carbon quantum dot nanoparticles. Field capacity treatments, 50 and 30% of field capacity with carbon quantum dot foliar application increased the essential oil content. Rlative water content, carotenoid, chlorophyll b and phosphorus content increased in the field capacity and 50% field capacity treatment with both nanoparticles foliar application. Overall, the results showed that the use of carbon quantum dot nanoparticles had a positive effect on the growth and physiological traits of plants under drought stress