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Quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa) is considered a unique food source due to its rich protein content and high antioxidant activity related to polyphenols. In the present study, with the aim of selecting the quinoa seeds to send to space, the response of protein content, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity, and the germination index of its seeds to simulated vacuum conditions of space was evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in the seed germination index for the vacuum-treated group compared to the control group. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was higher in vacuum-treated seeds compared to the control group. Vacuum conditions significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds. The total seed protein content in the vacuum-treated and control groups was 25 and 35 mg/ml, respectively. The seed protein profile showed 13 distinct protein bands in the molecular weight range of 15 to 70 kilodaltons. The intensity of protein bands was significantly different between vacuum treatment and control groups. Structural changes in the seed pericarp as well as water and oil exit from the seeds under vacuum conditions can be the causes of different biochemical and physiological responses of quinoa seeds in the present study.
 

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     The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the essential oil chemical composition of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge were inoculated by spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation Glomus caledonium and foliar application of zinc chelate levels (0, 2, 4 and 8 g/L) in 2019, at Zarrin Giah greenhouse of Urmia city in West Azerbaijan Province, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were harvested at full flowering stage. Essential oils were obtained by Clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Comparison of means by Duncan's multiple range test showed that inoculation with Glomus caldonium had no significant effect on the essential oil yield of Satureja bachtiarica flowering shoots, but the foliar application of zinc chelate had statistically significant effect. However, there was no difference among different concentrations of zinc chelate in terms of effect on essential oil yield. The treatments also changed the essential oil composition compared to the essential oil of the control group. These changes included the reduction of beta-caryophyllene, sabinen hydrate, borneol and carvacryl acetate compounds and the increase of citral and octyl phthalate in the plant inoculated with mycorrhiza, as well as the increase of carvacrol in the essential oil of plants treated with zinc chelate.  Also, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and zinc chelate foliar application increased the amount of sesquiterpene & diterpene and monoterpene compounds, respectively. 

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Legumes are common crops in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to investigate three levels of salinity stress on 18 lentil cultivars in the greenhouse and laboratories of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2016-2016 in a factorial manner in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of comparing average lentil genotypes were done with Duncan's method at the five percent probability level. Correlation was done in separate stress levels. The dendrogram of cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three groups in control and 60 mM conditions and two in 120 mM conditions. Genotypes 7 and 5 were in the top group in all groupings. The relationship between ISSR molecular markers and physiological traits was calculated among genotypes. All traits in three levels of salinity stress had a significant correlation with some ISSR markers. A total of 22 positive markers for physiological traits were identified at the control level, 9 positive markers at the moderate stress level, and 23 positive markers at the severe stress level. Among the 21 studied ISSR primers, the P8A11 marker had the largest number of gene loci related to the studied physiological traits.

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Using the allelopathic property of some plant species is one of the proposed methods to reduce the use of chemical poisons. Anthriscus nemorosa is an aromatic plant belonging to the Apiaceae that grows naturally in the western and northern parts of in this study. Considering that so far the biochemical and allelopathic properties of this plant have not been investigated in Iran, in this study, the roots of this plant were collected from Khalkhal county and after drying in the shade, the essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 52 compounds were identified from the essential oil, representing 80.21% of the total oil. The main constituents were Myristicin (16.92%), Heptane (12.98%), Elemicin (12.54%), Gamma-Terpinene (12.50%), Decane (3.08%), Beta-Eudesmol (2.95%) and Beta-phellandrene (2.52%) and these compounds were remarkably different with that of A. nemorosa native to Serbia. To investigate the allelopathic effects of this plant, an experimental design was factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results of examining the effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts (with concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml) of the root of this plant on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.capitata) showed that all three extracts had an inhibitory effect on the germination percentage (%), shootlet growth and rootlet growth of lettuce. However, the hexane extract in all treated concentrations had a more inhibitory effect on the germination and shootlet growth of lettuce seed.
 

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Abstract. Seseli olivieri (Apiaceae) is an exclusive species of the Alborz Mountains, Iran. In this research, the effect of environmental conditions on the vegetative traits and essential oil compounds of this species was investigated. For this purpose, three habitats with different heights were selected and the vegetative characteristics of this species were measured. In each habitat, soil samples and flowering branches of this species were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The relationship between the functional traits of this species and environmental factors was determined using CA and PCA. Variance analysis of functional traits and soil parameters showed a significant difference between the three habitats. The highest values of vegetative traits were related to Tuyeh habitat. In Tange Kavard habitat, the main effective substances were Apiol and cis-Cadina-1(6),4-diene; in Enzo habitat, Apiol and Bornyl acetate; and in the Tuyeh habitat, Bornyl acetate and α-Pinene. Among the environmental factors, altitude, annual precipitation, annual temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month, minimum absolute temperature, lime and nitrogen had the most significant correlation with the functional traits of this plant. Based on the IUCN criteria, the conservation status of this species was determined in the critically endangered.
 

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Iran, having about 79 species of the genus Lamiaceae, is one of the regions of origin of this genus. About 77% of the identified species of the mentioned genus in Iran have been registered as exclusive species. There is an Iranian Nepeta species, which was previously taken as a separate species in botanical reference sources, but has been reclassified as a variety of Nepeta kotschyi in the flora of Iran (Jamzad, 2012). In this research, the correctness of the taxonomic position of these two species by examining their various morphological and micromorphological traits such as plant height, leaf size, canopy, type of hairs and nuts, using stereo electron microscope (SEM) photos and SPSS statistical studies. The results of morphological and microstructural studies of the two species N. persica and N. kotschyi showed that there is a significant difference in the characteristics such as the shape of the leaf, the hairs of its apertures and also the height of the two species. Although these differences in the size and shape of the seeds were not clearly observed, in this study, both N. kotschyi and N. persica species had reticulated nuts with papilus. Also, the appearance of the long hairs on the leaves of the two species is completely different. The hairs in N. persica species have papilus, but the hairs in N. persica species have a smooth surface. Therefore, it was suggested that the two species are independent.

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In recent years, the use of machine learning methods in various fields of agriculture is increasing, and these methods provide us with very good information for predicting and checking different levels of performance in plants. In the current research, according to the results of the preliminary experiment carried out previously with specific levels of salinity stress and fertilization (salinity stress levels of zero, 75 and 150 mM sodium chloride and fertilization levels of zero and 3 grams per liter of silica) which were previously carried out and using the nonlinear regression model (NLR) and Python programming language, the morphological and physiological traits of the fenugreek medicinal plant at the newly defined levels of salinity stress and silica fertilization (salinity of up to 300 mM level and silica fertilization in two levels of 1 and 2 grams per liter) were predicted without conducting practical tests and based on the levels of salinity and initial fertilization. The non-linear regression model is a widely used algorithm in data analysis where the relationship between variables is non-linear and can create meaningful relationships between variables using non-linear functions. The results showed that the positive effect of silica on the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) can be seen from zero to 180 mM salinity level and the amount of greenness index (SPAD) from zero to 100 mM salinity level. It seems that according to the results of the present research, it is possible to use machine learning to investigate and analyze the morphological and physiological characteristics of the fenugreek medicinal plant at other defined levels of salinity stress and other defined silica fertilization with no need conduct a practical experiment.

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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of some bio-elicitors and silver nitrate on the content of secondary metabolites in calli derived from leaf explants of silybum marianum. In this research, the best callus was achieved on MS medium containing KIN, thus this medium was chosen for further experiment. In the second experiment, leaf explants were cultured in a selected hormone-regulated medium. After 8 weeks of callus growth, bio elicitors including yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, fungus Aspergillus niger, and bacterium Pseudomonas putida in combination with silver nitrate as a non-living elicitor were added to the leaf-derived calli. Ten days after treatment, the phenolic compound content, antioxidant capacity, silymarin content, and PAL enzyme activity in the calli were measured. The results indicate that the simultaneous application of Yarrowia yeast and silver nitrate led to an improvement in the content of phenolic derivatives, silymarin, and PAL enzyme activity, and this was significant compared to other elicitors both with silver nitrate and without it. The researchers of this experiment suggest that the combined use of bio-elicitors especially Yarrowia lipolytica yeast, and silver nitrateinduces higher synthesis of medicinal metabolites in calli derived from leaf explants. 

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In order to investigate the effect of drought stress (field capacity, 50 and 30% of field capacity) and foliar spraying with selenium and carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (zero and 2 mg L^-1) on the growth and some physiological traits of rosemary; A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of  completely randomized  design in the research greenhouse of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University during 2023. Irrigation at field capacity and 50% of field capacity with carbon quantum dot spray increased the aerial part dry weight, nitrogen, and soluble solids content in the plant. The highest malondialdehyde content was observed in the 30% field capacity in the condition without foliar spraying. The proline content was increased by 50 and 30% field capacity with the application of carbon quantum dot nanoparticles. Field capacity treatments, 50 and 30% of field capacity with carbon quantum dot foliar application increased the essential oil content. Rlative water content, carotenoid, chlorophyll b and phosphorus content increased in the field capacity and 50% field capacity treatment with both nanoparticles foliar application. Overall, the results showed that the use of carbon quantum dot nanoparticles had a positive effect on the growth and physiological traits of plants under drought stress

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Abstract. Cucurbita pepo L. seeds are very important in nutrition and pharmaceutical industries due to high amounts of oil. To investigate the effects of biochar (zero, 5, and 10 tons per hectare) and foliar spraying with zinc nanoparticles (zero, 2, and 4 milligrams/ litter), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design, in the Farm. Fruit number and leaf Zn content were increased at 5 and 10 t/ha of biochar with both nano zinc foliar spray. Ten t/ha biochar treatments with both levels of nano Zn increased seed number per fruit, fruit yield, biological yield, harvest index, and plant oil yield. Five t/ha biochar with 4 mg/L of nano zinc and 10 t/ha biochar with foliar spraying with both nanoparticle concentrations increased hundred seed yield, biological yield, and chlorophyll index in the plant. The top amounts of phenolic content were observed in 5 and 10 t/ha biochar with 4mg/L of zinc nanoparticle spray. The relative water and anthocyanin content increased in 10 t/ha biochar. Overall, theresults of this study showed that the use of 10 t/ha biochar and foliarspraying of 2 and 4 mg/L zinc nanoparticles increased the yield and physiological characteristics of the plant.


 

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Arceuthobium oxycedri is commonly known as dwarf mistletoe and grows on and infects cypress species. The semi-parasitic plant was observed in three locations of Juniper Reza Abad in Semnan Province, Chahar Bagh Area of Gorgan and Zanjan Province. In this study, the anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of the species were evaluated to facilitate the identification of this semi-parasitic species in Golestan province. The outcomes of the analysis indicated that the estimation of infestation rate in dwarf shrub trees is unattainable through factors such as canopy percentage, stand gender, slope percentage, and slope orientation. Examination of the stem's transverse section revealed that, across all three elevations, there were no variations in brain size between the semicircular cross-section and the sink's thickness. Analysis of pollen demonstrated that every pollen grain is classified as Monad, exhibiting three to five deep and asymmetric grooves of varying sizes (tricolpate). In regards to their morphology, they exhibit an oblatespheroidal shape adorned with sharp exine decorations. Overall, given the novelty of this study on dwarf mistletoe species, the discoveries hold significant systematic implications for the identification of analogous species documented in alternative juniper habitats within Iran.
 

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Camelina (Cruciferae), is an oilseed. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer, non-toxic, and biocompatible which favors potentially broad application in biotic and abiotic stress. Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost all living organisms because it plays a critical role in metabolic processes respiration, and photosynthesis. In this research, examined the salinity (0, 8, 12, ds/m), (0, 5/12, 7/6 g/l) chitosan (0, 0.2, 0.4, g/l) and iron (0, 3, 6, g/l) based on a randomized block design with three replications. The sodium, root growth increased significantly in salinity. The irons and growth parameters decreased because the ionic ratio has been changed. Root increased to provide water. Due to the destructive effects of salinity, the increase of sodium has also affected other parameters and caused the decrease of iron and calcium. Stress has been reduced the shoot growth by affecting the growth of the plant. In this study, the interaction of salinity, chitosan, and iron, it was observed that the stem length, biomass, RWC, ions, carbohydrates increased and the root growth decreased. It has effect on RWC, regulating ions and compatible solutes, have been able to maintain the plant's conditions like stress-free conditions reduce the effects of salinity, and help plant growth.
 

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The identification and introduction of medicinal plants hold significant importance in modern life. The genus Pycnocycla, belonging to the Apiaceae family, includes eight endemic species in Iran. P. spinosa has attracted attention due to its medicinal properties. This study aims to investigate the effect of three habitats (the Damghan, Semnan, and Kerman city) on the antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained from Pycnocycla spinosa using different solvents. To examine the antimicrobial properties, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts at a concentration of 2 mg/ml were tested against two pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica, using the agar disk diffusion method. The results indicated that the extracts had varying effects on the bacteria. Additionally, the different geographical regions of Iran, due to their distinct climatic conditions, exhibited varying effects on the bacteria. Extracts from Kerman, especially those using methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica. Therefore, the type of solvent and habitat can significantly influence the antimicrobial properties of plants.

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Ferula gummosa Boiss. as a valuable pharmaceutical and industrial plant grows in Iran. In order to minimize seed dormancy period and micropropagation, callus induction and embryogenesis were evaluated. The plantlets of the seeds were separated and cultured in the 1/2 MS medium. After 14 days, root, hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf explants were separated. Then they were transferred to the basal MS medium containing different concentrations of growth regulators. Different developmental stages of somatic embryos were evaluated. Seedlings 2-3 days after locating in 1/2 MS medium germinated and whole plantlets were obtained after 12 days. In the callus induction phase growth regulator composition 1.5 mgl^-1 of NAA and 0.5 mgl^-1 of BA with root explants had proper results. In the somatic embryogenesis phase MS medium containing 0.5 mgl^-1 of 2,4-D accompanied by 1 mgl^-1 of BA lead to desirable results. Via taken sections from the embryos, different developmental stages of somatic embryos including pre-embryo, globular, heart shaped, torpedo and cotyledonary embryo were observed. In vitro culture of embryo to accelerate germination and elimination of long dormancy period and using this optimized method are strongly suggested for micropropagation of this plant so this valuable endemic plant may survive from extinction, too.
 

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The water crisis in desert areas, including Ardakan city, has caused some industries to use industrial effluents and urban sewage as water sources to irrigate green spaces for the development of green spaces. Chadormello Industrial Complex is one of the industries that, in line with the management of this crisis, irrigates the green space created there with the water resources available at the factory site, i.e. industrial effluent and purified urban sewage. The purpose of this research is to investigate some morphological and physiological traits of a number of plants cultivated in this complex, which are irrigated with the mentioned water sources or gray water. This research is in the form of a complete randomized block design with three water treatments including three types of urban sewage treatment water, industrial wastewater and a mixture of both types of water in three replications for six plant species: olive, eucalyptus, pomegranate, Tehran pine, Egyptian silk and bitter elder. Investigating the morphological characteristics of height and diameter of the trunk and measuring the physiological characteristics including the amount of some elements including iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cadmium and lead were done. The results showed that among the three applied treatments.

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Iranian black zira is an aromatic and medicinal plant from Apeaceae family. In order to investigate the effect of fertilization and tuber age on plant height, greening percentage, flowering percentage, and yield components, an experiment was conducted in field conditions in the form of 9 main plots including NPK fertilizer at three levels (control ), fertilizer 1(2.5 grams per liter), fertilizer 2 (with a concentration of 2 times and 5 grams per liter) and tuber age at two levels of three and four years (medium and three-year-old tubers ) was carried out in, fertilizer with 2 times concentration) and tuber age at two levels (three and four years old) was carried out in 1402-1403 in Kalat region of Khorasan Razavi.The results showed that tuber weight has a direct and positive effect on the percentage of germination, flowering, plant growth and yield. The highest percentage of greening (100%) and flowering (100%) was observed in large tubers and the lowest percentage of greening (51%) and flowering (16.93) was observed in medium tubers and 0 fertilizer (no fertilization).application of 20-20-20 fertilizer (NPK) and use of tubers with more age (weight) improved the growth and yield of Iranian black zira.

 

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This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications with aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress on root traits, allometric coefficient, and grain yield of Galega in three cultivation conditions (greenhouse, outdoor pots, and field) during 2024 cropping year. The results of variance analysis in greenhouse conditions showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on root diameter, root dry weight, and leaf dry weight. Specifically, salinity stress of 10 and 5 dS/m caused a 49 and 16 percent reduction in root diameter, 27 and 8 percent in root dry weight, and 49 and 10 percent in leaf dry weight, respectively. In outdoor pots, salinity stress had a significant effect on stem length, root volume, root diameter, root dry weight, stem dry weight and grain yield, and significant reductions were observed in these traits, reaching a maximum of 69% in stem dry weight. In field conditions, similar results were obtained, and salinity stress of 10 and 5 dS/m, respectively, caused a 78 and 67% reduction in grain yield and significant changes in other traits. Therefore, field cultivation conditions and lower salinity stress levels (below 5 dS/m) were superior for planting Galega.

 

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The different treatments in this experiment were foliar spraying of salinity reducer at five levels (control, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine without liquid fish waste fertilizer, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine with 15% (v/v) liquid fish waste fertilizer) on stevia plants grown under salt  stress conditions (0, 30, 60, 90 mM of NaCl). results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters,  relative water content,  a* and b* color and increased the activity of total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. Salinity at 90 mM decreased the relative water content by 44.7% compared to the not stress. Salinity 90 mM salinity stress increased 70.46% total carbohydrates, 66.66% in H₂O₂ , MDA by 66.66% , Electrolyte leakage (EL) by 67.04 and 47.21% proline content by  compared to the control. On the other hand, simultaneous application of glycine betaine and   fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth parameters especially at the highest salinity level (90 mM).

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The flora of a region is a key indicator of various ecosystem factors across geological periods, and plant identification is crucial for assessing natural capacity and land use. This study aimed to conduct a floristic survey of the Basiran Protected Area in Eqlid County, Fars Province. Plant samples were collected using a survey method and linear transects. From 250 collected samples, 94 species across 70 genera and 34 families were identified. Dicotyledons constituted the majority, with 82 species and 59 genera, while monocotyledons included 12 species from 11 genera. Fabaceae was the largest family (13 species), and Astragalus the largest genus (7 species). Significantly, 16 species (17%) were endemic to Iran. Phytoecological analysis revealed that 47 species (50%) were hemicryptophytes, and 59 species (63%) belonged to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region. The findings also highlight the adverse impacts of recent droughts, rising temperatures, and grazing pressure on the area's flora. Consequently, the study emphasizes the urgent need to reconsider current management and conservation policies, particularly concerning livestock grazing, medicinal plant harvesting, and wood collection, to ensure the long-term sustainability of this protected ecosystem.