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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Damavand volcanic ash on the morphological and physiological characteristics of beans as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the highest dry leaf weight was observed in 100 mg/L treatment per liter of volcanic ash (0.0099 g). The results also showed that the optimal sugar content of the soluble sugar at 100 mg/L of volcanic ash was 0.650 (mg/g D.W.). The highest protein content and optimal peroxidase activity were observed with 0.68 (mg/g F.W.) and 0.082 (A470/mg/protein), respectively. Therefore, it can be argued that volcanic ash may increase plant growth and biosynthesis of organic compounds such as iron and aluminum.

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The different treatments in this experiment were foliar spraying of salinity reducer at five levels (control, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine without liquid fish waste fertilizer, 15 and 30 mgL^-1 glycine betaine with 15% (v/v) liquid fish waste fertilizer) on stevia plants grown under salt  stress conditions (0, 30, 60, 90 mM of NaCl). results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters,  relative water content,  a* and b* color and increased the activity of total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. Salinity at 90 mM decreased the relative water content by 44.7% compared to the not stress. Salinity 90 mM salinity stress increased 70.46% total carbohydrates, 66.66% in H₂O₂ , MDA by 66.66% , Electrolyte leakage (EL) by 67.04 and 47.21% proline content by  compared to the control. On the other hand, simultaneous application of glycine betaine and   fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth parameters especially at the highest salinity level (90 mM).