---

This investigation was conducted to compare the photosynthetic indices in ironwood trees infected by Viscum album L. and healthy trees located both in stand and out of stand in plain forest of Tamishan, Nour city. In each position, five healthy and five infected trees were selected and photosynthetic parameters, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO₂ were examined. Results showed that the amount of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in healthy and infected branches were varied depending on the position of trees, individual trees and branch type. The amount of transpiration and internal CO₂ were significantly different in healthy and infected branches. The highest amount of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO₂ both within and out of stand, were measured in healthy trees (except for stomatal conductance in out of stand). Both within and out of stand, healthy branch of infected tree indicates higher level of photosynthetic activity compared with infected branch. Also, twofold comparison of the four parameters investigated showed that photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO₂ in healthy branches within stand were higher than those out of stand. It was also discovered that Viscum album caused disruption in photosynthetic activities of the host plant that, is why conducting supplementary studies in this regard is suggested to future researchers.

---

Rhamnus L. is the genus of Rhamnaceae in Iran with nearly eight species. These species are used as valuable shrubs. This research was carried out in order to investigate the anatomical leaf. Samples from nine populations of Rhamnus pallasii and Rhamnus cathartica were taken. Treatment specimen cover various habitats from north of Iran, moreover herbarium samples were taken into account. The results presented two forms of epidermal cells such as Polygonal and irregular cells in addition, waved and straight anti-clinical walls were observed in R. pallasii subsp. pallasii and R. pallasii subsp. sintensii. Two types of stomata were demonstrated like anemositic and parasitic in two main species. Some characters e.g. thrichome, parenchyma, collenchyma layers were determined to finding some similarity among treatment specimen.

---

Wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris is considered as a rare species in Europe and Iran and possesses restricted distribution due to threatening factors. Natural populations of wild grapevine in the north of Iran were evaluated in three wild areas of coastal and plains areas of Miankaleh, submontane areas of Amol and the forest patches of Kojour and a cultivated sample of crop grapevine, V. v. subsp. vinifera in Babolsar. A total of 41 anatomical traits and important ecological factors such as soil and climatic variables were investigated and included in further analyses. Anatomical characteristics of leaf blade and petiole had the most important impact on the separation of wild and the cultivated taxon. All the soil and climatic factors, particularly altitude and annual rainfall were significant between studied stations. Mean temperature of the warmest month along with soil clay and calcareous percentage had the highest effect and relationship with the anatomical traits. Based on the current result, anatomical characters can be used for separation between wild and cultivated populations. They are also effective in separation of different populations of wild grapevine. Quantitative anatomical changes in the studied populations are reflection of the different soil and climatic conditions of their habitat.