Volume 15, Issue 2 (9-2021)                   2021, 15(2): 1-15 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Akbarzadeh M, Sabahi P, Rafienia P, Moradi A. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and TDCS on Pain severity and quality of life in Fibromyalgia patients. Journal title 2021; 15 (2) : 1
URL: http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4022-en.html
Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and TDCS on Pain severity and quality of life in Fibromyalgia patients
Maryam Akbarzadeh 1, Parviz Sabahi2 , Parvin Rafienia2 , Afsaneh Moradi3
1- , m_akbarzadeh@semnan.ac.ir
2- Semnan University
3- Persian Gulf University
Abstract:   (3535 Views)
The aim of this research was comparison of the effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) and Transcranial direct-current Stimulation(tDCS) in pain intensity and quality of life and their subcomponents on fibromyalgia patients. The study was semi-experimental pre-post treatment design. 36 fibromyalgia patients were selected and randomly classified into three MBCT, tDCS and sham group. The members of these groups were asked to complete short form of McGill Pain questionnaire and SF-36 Quality of life questionnaire before and after the intervention. Multivariate Covariance analysis showed that in terms of the pain intense variable, while both treatments were effective, but no significant differences between MBCT and tDCS treatment was seen(P<0.05) In terms of quality of life, the MBCT method was significantly more effective than both sham and tDCS groups(P<0.05) this paper showed significant results in effectiveness of MBCT and tDCS on fibromyalgia patients that could help the therapists to treat them and decrease their treatment costs.
 
Article number: 1
Keywords: Fibromyalgia, Pain intense, Quality of Life, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT), Transcranial direct-current Stimulation(tDCS)
     
Type of Study: Research | Subject: health Psychology
Received: 2021/06/4 | Accepted: 2022/04/26 | Published: 2022/05/15
References
1. Aldao, A(2013). The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(2), 155-172. [DOI:10.1177/1745691612459518]
2. Amutio, A., Franco, C., Pérez-Fuentes, M. d. C., Gázquez, J. J., & Mercader, I(2015). Mindfulness training for reducing anger, anxiety, and depression in fibromyalgia patients [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1572). [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01572]
3. Antal, A., Terney, D., Kühnl, S., & Paulus, W(2010). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition. J Pain Symptom Manage, 39(5), 890-903. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.023]
4. Arout, C. A., Sofuoglu, M., Bastian, L. A., & Rosenheck, R. A(2018). Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and in Concomitant Medical and Psychiatric Disorders: A National Veterans Health Administration Study. J Womens Health(Larchmt), 27(8), 1035-1044. [DOI:10.1089/jwh.2017.6622]
5. Azargoon H, Kajbaf M. The effect of mindfulness training on the dysfunctional attitude and automatic thinking of depressed students of Isfahan University. J Psychol 2010; 14(1): 79-94.
6. Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W., & Kroenke, K(2003). Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med, 163(20), 2433-2445. [DOI:10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433]
7. Bhargava J, Hurley JA. Fibromyalgia. [Updated 2020 Nov 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island(FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540974/
8. Boggio, P. S., Nunes, A., Rigonatti, S. P., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A., & Fregni, F(2007). Repeated sessions of noninvasive brain DC stimulation is associated with motor function improvement in stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 25(2), 123-129.
9. Boureau, F., Luu, M., & Doubrère, J. F. (1992). Comparative study of the validity of four French McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) versions. Pain, 50(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90112-O [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(92)90112-o]
10. Clark, V. P., Coffman, B. A., Trumbo, M. C., & Gasparovic, C(2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurosci Lett, 500(1), 67-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.244]
11. Costa, I. d. S., Gamundí, A., Miranda, J. G. V., França, L. G. S., De Santana, C. N., & Montoya, P(2017). Altered Functional Performance in Patients with Fibromyalgia [Original Research]. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11(14). [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00014]
12. Cramer, H., Haller, H., Lauche, R., & Dobos, G(2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for low back pain. A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med, 12, 162. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6882-12-162]
13. D'Agnelli, S., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Gerra, M. C., Zatorri, K., Boggiani, L., Baciarello, M., & Bignami, E(2019). Fibromyalgia: Genetics and epigenetics insights may provide the basis for the development of diagnostic biomarkers. Mol Pain, 15, 1744806918819944. [DOI:10.1177/1744806918819944]
14. DaSilva, A. F., Volz, M. S., Bikson, M., & Fregni, F(2011). Electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Visualized experiments(51). [DOI:10.3791/2744]
15. Delgado, P., & Latorre, J(2013). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Randomised Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-013-9538-z]
16. Derry, S., Cording, M., Wiffen, P. J., Law, S., Phillips, T., & Moore, R. A(2016). Pregabalin for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, 9(9), Cd011790. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011790.pub2]
17. Dersh, J., Polatin, P. B., & Gatchel, R. J(2002). Chronic pain and psychopathology: research findings and theoretical considerations. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(5), 773-786. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000024232.11538.54 [DOI:10.1097/01.psy.0000024232.11538.54]
18. Eby, L., Allen, T., Conley, K., Smith, R., Henderson, T., & Mancini, V(2019). Mindfulness-based training interventions for employees: A qualitative review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 29, 156-178. [DOI:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.03.004]
19. Fagerlund, A. J., Hansen, O. A., & Aslaksen, P. M(2015). Transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain, 156(1), 62-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000006]
20. Fallowfield, L(2002). Quality of life: a new perspective for cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer, 2(11), 873-879. [DOI:10.1038/nrc930]
21. Falsiroli Maistrello, L., Rafanelli, M., & Turolla, A(2019). Manual Therapy and Quality of Life in People with Headache: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Pain Headache Rep, 23(10), 78. [DOI:10.1007/s11916-019-0815-8]
22. Faude-Lang, V., Hartmann, M., Schmidt, E. M., Humpert, P., Nawroth, P., & Herzog, W(2010). [Acceptance- and mindfulness-based group intervention in advanced type 2 diabetes patients: therapeutic concept and practical experiences]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 60(5), 185-189. 10.1055/s-0030-1248420(Akzeptanz- und achtsamkeitsbasiertes Gruppenkonzept für Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Diabetes Typ 2: Konzept und praktische Erfahrungen.) 10.1055/s-0030-1248420 []
23. Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Lima, M. C., Ferreira, M. J., Wagner, T., Rigonatti, S. P., Castro, A. W., Souza, D. R., Riberto, M., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., & Pascual-Leone, A(2006). A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury. Pain, 122(1-2), 197-209. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.023]
24. Fregni, F., Freedman, S., & Pascual-Leone, A(2007). Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Lancet Neurol, 6(2), 188-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70032-7 [DOI:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70032-7]
25. Fregni, F., Gimenes, R., Valle, A. C., Ferreira, M. J. L., Rocha, R. R., Natalle, L., Bravo, R., Rigonatti, S. P., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A., & Boggio, P. S(2006). A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 54(12), 3988-3998. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22195 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22195]
26. Galvez-Sánchez, C. M., Duschek, S., & Reyes Del Paso, G. A(2019). Psychological impact of fibromyalgia: current perspectives. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 12, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S178240 [DOI:10.2147/prbm.S178240]
27. González, E., Elorza, J., & Failde, I(2010). Fibromyalgia and psychiatric comorbidity: their effect on the quality of life patients. Actas Esp Psiquiatr, 38(5), 295-300.
28. Grossman, P., Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, U., Raysz, A., & Kesper, U(2007). Mindfulness training as an intervention for fibromyalgia: evidence of postintervention and 3-year follow-up benefits in well-being. Psychother Psychosom, 76(4), 226-233. [DOI:10.1159/000101501]
29. Hassett, A. L., & Williams, D. A. (2011). Non-pharmacological treatment of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 25(2), 299-309. [DOI:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.005]
30. Henriksson, J., Wasara, E., & Rönnlund, M(2016). Effects of Eight-Week-Web-Based Mindfulness Training on Pain Intensity, Pain Acceptance, and Life Satisfaction in Individuals With Chronic Pain. Psychol Rep, 119(3), 586-607. [DOI:10.1177/0033294116675086]
31. Henry, D. E., Chiodo, A. E., & Yang, W(2011). Central nervous system reorganization in a variety of chronic pain states: a review. Pm r, 3(12), 1116-1125. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.018]
32. Hoffman, D. L., & Dukes, E. M(2008). The health status burden of people with fibromyalgia: a review of studies that assessed health status with the SF-36 or the SF-12. Int J Clin Pract, 62(1), 115-126. [DOI:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01638.x]
33. Hosseini SH, Yaghoobi H, Mobin M. Analysing axis one psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia patients. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2015; 24(122): 348-53.
34. Jain, A., & Bhadauria, D(2013). Evaluation of efficacy of fluoxetine in the management of major depression and arthritis in patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis [Original Article]. Indian Journal of Rheumatology, 8(4), 165-169. [DOI:10.1016/j.injr.2013.08.001]
35. Jales Junior, L. H., Costa, M. d. D. L., Jales Neto, L. H., Ribeiro, J. P. M., Freitas, W. J. S. d. N., & Teixeira, M. J(2015). Transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: effects on pain and quality of life evaluated clinically and by brain perfusion scintigraphy. Revista Dor, 16, 37-42. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-00132015000100037&nrm=iso [DOI:10.5935/1806-0013.20150008]
36. Kabat-Zinn, J(2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.
37. Kaplan, K. H., Goldenberg, D. L., & Galvin-Nadeau, M(1993). The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromyalgia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 15(5), 284-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(93)90020-O [DOI:10.1016/0163-8343(93)90020-o]
38. Khaddouma, A., Coop Gordon, K., & Strand, E. B(2017). Mindful Mates: A Pilot Study of the Relational Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Participants and Their Partners. Family Process, 56(3), 636-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12226 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12226]
39. Khanna, S., & Greeson, J(2013). A Narrative Review of Yoga and Mindfulness as Complementary Therapies for Addiction. Complementary therapies in medicine, 21, 244-252. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.008]
40. Khedr, E. M., Omran, E. A. H., Ismail, N. M., El-Hammady, D. H., Goma, S. H., Kotb, H., Galal, H., Osman, A. M., Farghaly, H. S. M., Karim, A. A., & Ahmed, G. A(2017). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A double blinded, randomized clinical trial. Brain Stimul, 10(5), 893-901. [DOI:10.1016/j.brs.2017.06.006]
41. Lakhan, S. E., & Schofield, K. L(2013). Mindfulness-based therapies in the treatment of somatization disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(8), e71834. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071834]
42. Mahnoosh, K., Sanambar, S., Shaghayegh, M., & Kazem, Z(2014). Translation, Adaptation and Reliability of Persian-McGill Pain Questionnaire(P-MPQ) in Iranian Cancer Patients. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research, 6(3). https://bccr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/bccrj/article/view/129
43. malakuoti, k., niksolat, m., & Zandie, z(2019). The effects of anodal stimulation of primary motor cortex pain among older adults with fibromyalgia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [Research]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(7), 124-130. http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5751-en.html
44. Marcus, D. A., Bernstein, C., & Rudy, T. E(2005). Fibromyalgia and headache: an epidemiological study supporting migraine as part of the fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Rheumatol, 24(6), 595-601. [DOI:10.1007/s10067-005-1121-x]
45. Marques, A. P., Santo, A., Berssaneti, A. A., Matsutani, L. A., & Yuan, S. L. K(2017). Prevalence of fibromyalgia: literature review update. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed, 57(4), 356-363. [DOI:10.1016/j.rbre.2017.01.005]
46. Masoumian, S., Shairi, M. R., & Hashemi, S. M(2013). The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Quality of Life of the Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain, 4(1), 25-37.
47. Mahdavinejad R. The impact of a physical rehabilitation program to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2007; 22: 81-96.
48. Meeus, M., & Nijs, J(2007). Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol, 26(4), 465-473. [DOI:10.1007/s10067-006-0433-9]
49. Melzack, R(1987). The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain, 30(2), 191-197. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8]
50. Mendonca, M. E., Santana, M. B., Baptista, A. F., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Fregni, F., & Araujo, C. P(2011). Transcranial DC stimulation in fibromyalgia: optimized cortical target supported by high-resolution computational models. J Pain, 12(5), 610-617. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.015]
51. Ninomiya, A., Sado, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Kosugi, T., Nakagawa, A., Shirahase, J., & Mimura, M. (2020). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety disorders in secondary-care settings: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(2), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12960 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12960]
52. Nitsche, M. A., Jaussi, W., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W(2004). Consolidation of Human Motor Cortical Neuroplasticity by D-Cycloserine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1573-1578. [DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1300517]
53. Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W(2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol, 527 Pt 3(Pt 3), 633-639. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x]
54. Nitsche, M. A., Seeber, A., Frommann, K., Klein, C. C., Rochford, C., Nitsche, M. S., Fricke, K., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Antal, A., Paulus, W., & Tergau, F(2005). Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J Physiol, 568(Pt 1), 291-303. [DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092429]
55. Ostafin, B., Chawla, N., Bowen, S., Dillworth, T., Witkiewitz, K., & Marlatt, G(2006). Intensive Mindfulness Training and the Reduction of Psychological Distress: A Preliminary Study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13, 191-197. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2005.12.001]
56. Riberto, M., Marcon Alfieri, F., Monteiro de Benedetto Pacheco, K., Dini Leite, V., Nemoto Kaihami, H., Fregni, F., & Rizzo Battistella, L(2011). Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation coupled with a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Open Rheumatol J, 5, 45-50. [DOI:10.2174/1874312901105010045]
57. Roemer, L., Fuchs, C., & Orsillo, S. M(2014). Chapter 5 - Incorporating Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies in the Behavioral Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In R. A. Baer(Ed.), Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches(Second Edition)(pp. 95-118). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416031-6.00005-0 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416031-6.00005-0]
58. Roizenblatt, S., Fregni, F., Gimenez, R., Wetzel, T., Rigonatti, S. P., Tufik, S., Boggio, P. S., & Valle, A. C(2007). Site-specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep and pain in fibromyalgia: a randomized, sham-controlled study. Pain Pract, 7(4), 297-306. [DOI:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00152.x]
59. Sahin, N., Karataş, O., Ozkaya, M., Cakmak, A., & Berker, E(2008). Demographics features, clinical findings and functional status in a group of subjects with cervical myofascial pain syndrome. Agri, 20(3), 14-19.
60. Salimi, F., Garmaroudi, G., Hosseini, S. M., & Batebi, A(2015). Effect of Self-Care Educational Program to Improving Quality of Life among Elderly Referred to Health Centers in Zanjan [Research Article]. Journal of Education and Community Health, 2(2), 28-37. http://jech.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-119-en.html
61. Sanaei, H., Mousavi, S. A. M., Moradi, A., Parhoon, H., & Sanaei, S(2017). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on self-efficacy, perceived stress and life orientation of women with breast cancer. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 12(44), 57-66. https://jtbcp.riau.ac.ir/article_1067.html
62. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D(2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford Publications.
63. Sharf RS. Applying career development theory to counseling. Nelson Educations 2016;6thedition: p25-431
64. Shiozawa, P., Leiva, A. P., Castro, C. D., da Silva, M. E., Cordeiro, Q., Fregni, F., & Brunoni, A. R(2014). Transcranial direct current stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder: a case study. Biol Psychiatry, 75(11), e17-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.014]
65. Shulman, B., Dueck, R., Ryan, D., Breau, G., Sadowski, I., & Misri, S. (2018). Feasibility of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group intervention as an adjunctive treatment for postpartum depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord, 235, 61-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.065]
66. Simister, H. D., Tkachuk, G. A., Shay, B. L., Vincent, N., Pear, J. J., & Skrabek, R. Q(2018). Randomized Controlled Trial of Online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Fibromyalgia. J Pain, 19(7), 741-753. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.02.004]
67. Souza, C. A., Oliveira, L. M., Scheffel, C., Genro, V. K., Rosa, V., Chaves, M. F., & Cunha Filho, J. S(2011). Quality of life associated to chronic pelvic pain is independent of endometriosis diagnosis--a cross-sectional survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 9, 41. [DOI:10.1186/1477-7525-9-41]
68. Tan, A. C., Jaaniste, T., & Champion, D(2019). Chronic Widespread Pain and Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Life-Course Risk Markers in Young People. Pain Res Manag, 2019, 6584753. [DOI:10.1155/2019/6584753]
69. Timareh, M., Rhimi, M., Abbasi, P., Rezaei, M., & Hyaidarpoor, S(2012). Quality of life in diabetic patients referred to the Diabete research Center in Kermanshah. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 16, 63-69.
70. Thomas, R., Chur-Hansen, A., & Turner, M. (2020). A Systematic Review of Studies on the Use of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in Older People. Mindfulness, 11(7), 1599-1609. [DOI:10.1007/s12671-020-01336-3]
71. To, W. T., James, E., Ost, J., Hart, J., Jr., De Ridder, D., & Vanneste, S(2017). Differential effects of bifrontal and occipital nerve stimulation on pain and fatigue using transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia patients. J Neural Transm(Vienna), 124(7), 799-808. [DOI:10.1007/s00702-017-1714-y]
72. Turk, D. C., Wilson, H. D., & Cahana, A(2011). Treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. The Lancet, 377(9784), 2226-2235. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60402-9]
73. Valle, A., Roizenblatt, S., Botte, S., Zaghi, S., Riberto, M., Tufik, S., Boggio, P. S., & Fregni, F(2009). Efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) for the treatment of fibromyalgia: results of a randomized, sham-controlled longitudinal clinical trial. J Pain Manag, 2(3), 353-361.
74. Vedolin, G. M., Lobato, V. V., Conti, P. C., & Lauris, J. R(2009). The impact of stress and anxiety on the pressure pain threshold of myofascial pain patients. J Oral Rehabil, 36(5), 313-321. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01932.x]
75. Vučković, S., Srebro, D., Vujović, K. S., Vučetić, Č., & Prostran, M. (2018). Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Front Pharmacol, 9, 1259. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2018.01259]
76. Walitt, B., Nahin, R. L., Katz, R. S., Bergman, M. J., & Wolfe, F(2015). The Prevalence and Characteristics of Fibromyalgia in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PLoS One, 10(9), e0138024. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0138024]
77. Ware, J. E., Jr., & Gandek, B. (1998). Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol, 51(11), 903-912. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00081-X [DOI:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00081-x]
78. Williams, D. A., Kuper, D., Segar, M., Mohan, N., Sheth, M., & Clauw, D. J. (2010). Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain, 151(3), 694-702. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.034]
79. Zamunér, A. R., Andrade, C. P., Arca, E. A., & Avila, M. A(2019). Impact of water therapy on pain management in patients with fibromyalgia: current perspectives. J Pain Res, 12, 1971-2007. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S161494 [DOI:10.2147/jpr.S161494]
80. Zare, H., Mohammadi, N., Motaghi, P. M., Afshar, H., & Poorkazem, L(2014). Effectiveness of modified mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on catastrophizing, acceptance and severity of pain in Fibromyalgia patients. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 3(12), 97-117. http://hpj.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1609_103373bfe1a642fc0ea4f7fc117f55d2.pdf
81. Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P(2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn, 19(2), 597-605. [DOI:10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014]
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 |

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb