Journal of

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The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of training Kohlberg’s dilemmas procedures, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction on emotion expectancies in female adolescences. The statistical population includes all grade female students in Yasuj high school during 2013-2014. This was a pre-test, post- test and follow up queasy-experimental study with control group. The study sample consisted of 120 female students who were selected via multi – step cluster sampling method and, randomly, assigned to Four groups. The experimental groups were separately, taught Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas during 8 sessions of 70 minutes. One of the group was induced by positive emotion method. The control group was left untreated.
The participants confronted with a set of emotion expectancies scenarios (Malti and Killer, 2011) as the pre-test, post- test and follow up. The datas were analyzed by repeated measure method and by ANCOVA tests. The findings showed that Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction methods were effective on emotion expectancies (p<0/001). The follow up L.S.D test showed that: although all intervention methods were effective on emotion expectances in post- test and follow up phases, real life dilemmas can improve the emotion expectancies more than other three methods in post- test and follow up phases. The next highest effectiveness rates (the highest mean differences compared with those of control group) belong to training Kohlberg’s dilemmas, and positive emotion induction, respectively.

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Given the high prevalence of social anxiety and its importance in people under 18 year, The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of alexithymia mediated into the relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. In this study, 180 high school female students who were selected using Multi stage cluster sampling, formed the research sample. Participants completed a questionnaire Connor social anxiety(Spin), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and Toronto-20 Alexithymia Scale. The results showed that adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, Respectively, had positive and negative correlations with social anxiety. Alexithymia had also positively correlated with social anxiety. Results of regression analysis showed that alexithymia can be have a mediator role in relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. According to the results, it appears that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, mediated by alexithymia, can better predict the social anxiety.

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Research indicates that children of parents with chronic pain might be at risk of a variety of psychological, social and academic difficulties therefore, the present study aimed to investigate academic health among adolescent daughters of mothers with musculoskeletal chronic pain. In this study a group of 44 daughters of mothers with chronic pain were compared to matched control group of daughters of healthy mothers in variables of academic‌ health. The Study measure was Academic Health Self- Report Scales (AHS-SR), adapted from Healthy Pathways Child-Report Scales (HPC-RS, Bevans,et al, 2010). In order to analyze the data, a set of descriptive and inferential statistics including independent t-test, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were applied. Study results indicated that daughters of mothers with chronic pain exhibit lower levels of academic health in comparison with children in the control group and this suggests that having a mother in pain adversely impacts children’s academic function and suppress their capabilities. This study suggests that children of mothers with chronic pain might be at risk of poor academic health and lower educational functioning compared with children of healthy parents. It seems that family interventions or psycho-education would help child and mother to have a better understanding of chronic pain as a phenomenon and to apply coping strategies to prevent its interactional impacts.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychosocial skills training package on stress and burnout among drivers. This study was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design. The sample group was selected utilizing available sampling procedure and included 196 drivers of the Tehran city bus company. The participants were randomly divided into five groups. These drivers participated in psychosocial training for nine sessions twice a week. All the participants completed both the Job Stress Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as the pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measure.The Results showed that participating in psychosocial skills training increased the mean of the sample group in most job stress’ subscales (p<0.001) and decreased the mean of burnout (p<0.003).
Stress and anger management, as well as healthy relationships are all effective components in creating well-being and reducing the destructive effects of tension and job burnout. Hence, due to the importance of some jobs such as driving which requires accuracy and concentration, applying the results of this study and other similar studies in order to reduce the effects of drivers’ tiredness and tension and increasing their accuracy, concentration and ability is needed.

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Substance use is one of the important health problemsin the world. The present study aimed to test thestructural relations of religious involvement, negative beliefs about substance, spiritual well-being and smoking in a sample of university students. Five hundred and four male and female students of Kharazmi University, Faculty of Agriculture of Tehran University and Islamic Azad University of Karaj Branch were selected by cluster sampling, and completed the religious involvement questionnaire, spiritual well-being questionnaire, social modeling questionnaire, negative beliefs inventory and smoking subscale of high risk behavior questionnaire. Results showed that effects of religious involvement on smoking was mediated by negative beliefs about substance use, social modeling and spiritual wellbeing. Findings suggested plausible mechanisms by which religiousness could impact smoking. Therefore, highlighting these variables could be useful and effective in prevention of smoking which is a gateway for substance abuse.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on coping styles (avoidant behavior, cognition, emotion and problem-focused) for patient who had cancer. 40 cancer patients in this study were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group, n = 20), that experimental group was trained for 12 sessions. The tool used in this research was “coping styles Billings and mouse questionnaire”. Pre-test and post-test was conducted.
In order to analyze the data ANCOVA and Kolmogorov - Smirnov was used. The results showed that cognitive behavior therapy had desired effect on coping style (emotion-focused coping style and avoidance coping style decreased behavioral, cognitive and problem-oriented increase). Also follow-up showed after one month that this effect was stable.(P > 0.05, P > 0.01).

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The purpose of this study was to designing and testing a model of some precedents and outcomes of work ability index. The variables in the model were arranged in three parts: precedents (personal resources, life management strategies and job-related stressors), outcomes (health- related quality of life and job performance) of work ability index. The participants were 320 employees of NISOC, in Ahvaz, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Of this sample, 72 percent were men and average age was 41 years. Instruments used in this study were work ability index, life management strategies, general self-efficacy, optimism, coping skill, effort-reward imbalance, demand-control, health related quality of life and job performance questionnaires. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-16 and AMOS-16 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using the bootstrap procedure in Preacher and Hayes (2008) SPSS Macro program for mediation. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data. Better fit and more meaningful results obtained by correlating the errors of two paths. All of indirect effects were significant.

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The prevalence of high-risk behaviors in communities, especially in teens is a serious health threat that has received much attention in recent years. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs and attitude to pre-marital relationships in anticipation of risky behaviors in adolescents. Accordingly, a correlational descriptive research method was selected. The research population consisted of adolescents with 17 to 20 years old of district 12 of tehran in 1393. The sample consisted of 80 adolescents in 40 girls and 40 boys who were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, we used 30-point meta cognition questionnaire(MCQ-30), scale of attitude to pre-marital relationships, and high-risk behaviors scale. The results of current study showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between all components of metacognition and a variety of high-risk behaviors. As well as, there was a positive and significant relationship between attitude toward pre-marital relationships and tendency to high-risk behaviors. Then, regression analysis showed that attitude to pre-marital relationships includes highest predictive power for tendency to relation with the opposite sex which is a component of high-risk behaviors. As well as, among the components of metacognition, the component of need to thoughts control, includes the highest predictive power for high-risk behaviors.

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The "Social Phobia Inventory" (SPIN) is a well-known screening tool in the field of social phobia disorder (social anxiety disorder) that its creators have designed its items in independent three subscales fear, avoidance, and physiological signs and several international studies and also a few internal studies have been done using it. The weakness of existing studies have motivated these authors to investigate this inventory in a nonclinical Iranian sample. Because of this, 475 students of Tehran University were selected using convenience sampling and completed SPIN. In order to analyze data, data were analyzed with Cross Validation method and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Parallel Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results of EFA and Parallel Analysis indicated 2 factors structure of SPIN and the results of CFA indicated the fitness of 2 and 5 factors structure with data. In conclusion, the results of this research suggest the regardless of the separation of items related to subscales fear, avoidance and physiological signs, the items related to fear and avoidances of different areas apply together for assessing severity of this disorder; the phenomenon that is according to social anxiety and united relationship of fear and avoidance.

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Chronic renal diseases not only effect on physical health but treat psychological health and other aspect of life. Recent studies show different results about the effect of dialysis on quality of life and sexual function. With respect to importance of these issues in treatment of renal patients, the present study focused on quality of life, sexual desire and function in this population. It was a causal-comparative study with convenience sampling from dialysis and nondialysis patients of Azahra Hospital. Data gathering by 4 questionnaires: Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire, International Index of Erectile Function, Hullbert Index of Sexual Desire, Female Sexual Function Index. The results shows that dialysis patients have less quality of life comparing with no dialysis patients. Also the results show that dialysis and no dialysis women had no deference in sexual function, but it was deferent in dialysis men (less sexual function). In sexual desire factor no dialysis patients was better than dialysis patients. With respect on present study’s results the quality of life and quality of sexual relationship –especially- in dialysis men is significantly less than normal population. These results may be because of the side effects of dialysis such as decrease physical functioning, depression, and etc.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bullying among students and its relationship to the quality of family environment, impulsivity, depression, beliefs supportiveofaggressive behavior, and attitude towards school. The sample consisted of 344 secondary school students (205 girls and 139 boys) in Kermanshah who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. They completed Olweus Bully/victim Questionnaire, University of Texas Depression scale, Impulsivity scale(Bosworth, 1999), Beliefs supportive of Violence (Dahlberg et al., 1998), Psychological sense of School membership scale (Goodenow, 1993), and family climate scale(Holman et al., 1994). Data was analyzed by descriptive analysis procedures and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that different forms of bullying behaviors prevalence are 13/7 to 52/1 percent for boys, and 10/2 to 64.6 percent for girls. The most reported bullying behaviors for both of groups were name calling and teasing in hurtful way, and the least reported bullying behaviors were taking money or other thing away and damaging them. Results showed that among girls, among all studied variables have significant correlations with bullying behavior, but among boys just three variables (the quality of family climate, depression, and impulsivity) were significantly correlated with bullying behavior. Stepwise regression analysis also showed that for girls, the three variables Quality family atmosphere, a sense of belonging to school and attitudes toward violence significantly predict bullying, but for boys, only impulsivity was significant predictor.. Finally, the implications of findings are discussed.

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This study aimed at investigating the relationship between brain-behavioral systems, alexithymia and
somatoform disorder symptoms in students. Statistical population of this study included all female students of Razi University, Kermanshah in the academic year 2012-2013; of this population 500 female students were selected as the sample of the study by random stratified sampling. The tools that were used in this study were somatoform symptom questionnaire (SOMS), brain /behavioral systems
(BAS/BIS) scale & alexithymia (FTAS-20). Data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between alexithymia, brainbehavioral systems and somatoform disorder symptoms. Furthermore, alexithymia and brainbehavioral systems had the ability of predicting somatoform disorder symptoms. Based on the findings of this study, those having higher behavioral inhibition and having a problem in identifying the feelings experience somatoform disorder symptoms more intensely.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the factors and facets of Five Factor Model in people with
borderline and schizotypal personality traits.190 Kharazmi university students completed three
questionnaires: Goldberg Inventory, Borderline personality Inventory (BPI) and Schizotypal Personality
Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B). Participants, according to cut off points of Borderline personality Inventory and
Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, were classified into four groups: high borderline trait, low
borderline trait, high schizotypal trait and low schizotypal trait. When the results of discriminant function for borderline and schizotypal groups were obtained, people who were determined as real borderline and real schizotypal were classified into
two groups named typical borderline and typical schizotypal. Data were analyzed using discriminant
analysis.SPSS.22 was used in order to analyze data. Findings showed that both factors and facets of Five
Factor Model could determine people with borderline and schizotypal personality traits in all six groups. In
the factor level, openness to experience and extraversion and in the facet level, gregariousness, orderliness, tranquility and organization were the best discriminants in typical borderline and typical schizotypal groups respectively.

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The aim of this study was to examine role of night sleep and wake on processing reconsolidation based enhancement and stabilization in explicit motor memory. The population of present research was female students in human science fields of Azad University. The statistical sample of this study was 80 right-handed female students. Participation randomly divided into four groups. This research consisted of two phases of acquisition and retention. Alternating serial reaction time task and choosing RT software were used for this research. Results showed that in recall phase, the epoch main effect, group main effect and interactive effect were significant (p<0.05). All groups, in retention test, showed the better performance than acquisition phase. Practice in group with 12h recall + interference after night sleep lead to decrease the reaction time than other groups and this group occurred processing reconsolidation based
Enhancement and stabilization. In group 12h recall with wake only occurred processing reconsolidation based Enhancement and no occur reconsolidation based stabilization (p<0.05). In Our Results indicated that make offline period after sleep of night phase could be facilitated the explicit motor memory reconsolidation.

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The use of virtual social networks has increased among Iranians in the recent years. The aim of this study was to compare some of the reasons of tendency to use these social networking sites (body image satisfaction, emotion regulation and loneliness) among male and female students. Research method of the
current study was a causal-comparative one. The study population included all male and female students of Kharazmi University living in its dormitory (Karaj unit) in the academic year 2014-2015; of this population 97 students (48 boys and 49 girls) were selected through convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the short form of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults, body image rating scale and emotion regulation subscale of emotional intelligence questionnaire were used. The results of the current study showed that the two groups had no significant difference in body image satisfaction; however, average of emotion regulation, general loneliness, social loneliness and emotional loneliness was significantly higher in the female group. So it seems that the emotion regulation and loneliness have a role in the more use of social networks among girls.

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Increasing pressure of stressors along with anxietyand depression reduce the human being’s ability todeal with simple issues of life. Women who are oftenfacingwith stressful situations are more fragile andvulnerable than men. The purpose of the present studywas to investigate the effect of Sahaja-Yogamindfulness exercises on reducing stress, anxiety anddepression in women with Stress, anxiety anddepression disorders. The Research design was Pretest
Post-test without control group. The statisticalpopulation of this research included 700 women who
went to Tehran’s Shahid Shirin health center. Basedon the purpose of the study, 20 women were selectedby the convenience sampling method. Theyweretrained in 12 two-hour sessions which lasted 3months. For the pre-test, post-test and the 3-monthfollow-up, depression, anxiety and stress scale wasused to collectdata. Analysis of variance withrepeated measures and t- test were used to analyze thecollected data. The results indicated that there wasasignificantdifference between the pre-test and posttestin terms of the reduction of stress, anxiety anddepression (p<0.01). The same results were obtainedafter a 3-month follow-up (p<0.01). So it seems thatthe Sahaja Yoga mindfulness exercise program, as asupplementary intervention, along with other commontreatments can be useful for treating emotionaproblems of individuals, especially women.

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Comorbidity between Borderline personality disorderand substance abuse disorder is very high. The present study examined the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on negative emotion regulation strategies in women with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse. Based on the willingness to participate in the research, structured clinical interview and the criteria for inclusion, of female patients with borderline personality disorders and substance abuse 4 people were purposefully selected. These four participants underwent emotion regulation techniques of dialectical behavior therapy for 12 sessions. In order to measure negative emotion regulation strategies, Garnesfky cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire was used. To analyze the collected data, visual analysis of charts and trend indicators, stable, percentage of non-overlapping data and percentage of overlapping data was used. Emotion regulation techniques of Dialectical behavior therapy reduced the scores of negative emotion regulation strategies in women with borderline personality disorders and substance abuse. A review of the effectiveness charts and the amount of effect represented
a significant reduction in the use of negative emotion regulation strategies (including self-blame, rumination, blaming others and catastrophizing) in participants. Dialectical behavior therapy is useful in the reduction of the use of emotion regulation strategies (including selfblame, rumination, blaming others an catastrophizing). It seemed these techniques can be useful in the treatment of women with comorbidity borderline personality disorders and substance abuse.

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This study examined the relation between religious faith and gratitude variables with the severity of mental disorders symptoms. Participants were 300 students of Shiraz University who were selected via cluster random sampling method. Measures were Islamic – Iranian Gratitude, Religious Faith, and SCL-90 questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression methods. The results showed that almost all gratitude and faith subscales could predict the severity of all mental disorders subscales of the SCL-90. Faith and gratitude had a broad effect on interpersonal sensitivity and depression subscales. Internal gratitude predicted the severity of all mental disorders and among religious faith subscales, purposefulness, goodwill and self-control predicted the severity of some mental disorders symptoms greater and broader than other subscales. Religious faith and gratitude may be considered as general factors which are effective in reducing a wide range of mental disorders symptoms. Results indicate that if being religious causes inter­nal changes and develops internal gratitude, purposefulness, goodwill and self-control in an individual, it would prevent mental disorders.

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Although in the literature of the study the concepts of health and disease have been considered deeply dependent on each other, it seems that to differentiate them , indexes are needed which make clear both similar cultural characteristics and different cultural characteristics .In this study, an attempt was made to provide a new description of the classification of the mental health and disease and to investigate the role of different feelings in differentiating health from disease in Iranian collectivistic culture and Swedish individualistic culture. In this study, of a group of Iranian students (n=296) and of a group of Swedish students (n=310), a sample of students were selected. Results of the study showed that in the Iranian society there was a relationship between the mental health and balance affect while in the Swedish society there was a more significant relationship between the mental health and positive affect. It seems that in the typology of healthy and sick people there are four flourishing, languishing, trouble and symptomatic groups and that the positive and balance affects can differentiate these groups.

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The present study aimed to investigating the effect of using parental behavioral training for mothers on
reducing hyperactivity symptoms and rule-breaking behaviors of their 9-11 year old children with
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and posttest
and control groups. To do so, 30 mothers of children with ADHD (hyperactivity-impulsivity domain type) were selected through convenience
sampling method, and then they were put into two experimental and control groups after being matched.
The research tools of the study included children behavior checklist, CSI-4 and Conners parent rating scale. The parent behavioral training was performed in nine sessions in the experimental group. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results indicated the effectiveness of experimental treatment on the reduced scores of hyperactivity/impulsivity in the children of the mothers in the experimental group compared with the children of the mothers in the control group. The results also showed the reduction of rule-breaking behaviors in children of the experimental group mothers. Generally speaking, the findings demonstrated that parental behavioral training reduced behavioral problems and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. So, through parent behavioral training, symptoms can be
managed.
Keywords: ADHD