Journal of

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The goal of this research was to compare the emotional Schemas and to study the relationship between anxiety, worry and emotional Schema in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, Social anxiety disorder and in normal group. The sample of the study included 90 Participants (30 patients with obsessive–Compulsive disorder, 30 patients with social anxiety disorder, and 30 normal subjects). Participants completed Schemas Scale Leahy (LESS), Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). People with social anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder had significant difference compared to the normal group in the schemas of the comprehensibility, control, consensus, guilt and rumination. However, in the schema of guilt those with obsessive-compulsive disorder were significantly different from those afflicted with social anxiety disorder. Some aspects of emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety were different from the normal group and the anxiety and worry were associated with some aspects of the emotional schemas.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and Alexithymia. In the academic year 2012-2013, 300 female high school students of Avaj city participated in this study and they completed Attachment Style, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results showed that there was a negative significant relationship between Alexithymia and secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style and that there was a positive relationship between Alexithymia and anxiety attachment style and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style were predicators of difficult changes in identifying the emotion and Ambivalence over expressiveness and secure attachment style was predicator of the variance of difficulty in describing the emotion. 11% of the externally oriented thinking variance was explained by Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style. Also 21% of the Alexithymia variance was explained by Ambivalence, anxiety and secure attachment styles. In order to prevent Alexithymia, in addition to strengthening the safety features of the attachment, it is needed to enhance the ability to regulate the emotions to overcome the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness.

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  This studywas done drug dependent people to determine the effectiveness of training on emotion regulation based on the grass process for reducing craving, attention bias. This present research is a semi-pilot plan in which pretest – posttest with the control group has been used .The project statistical society is formed of addicted people who referred to addiction treatment clinic in Shiraz in the years 1391-1392.For this purpose a total of 30 drug-dependent people were selected and replaced by using available purposive sampling in control and experimental groups. Also 15 normal individuals were selected as a healthy control group to comparison with drug dependents. At first a pretest was given to each three group, after that an emotion control training was done in experimental group dependent on the Grass model in 8 sessions of 2 hours. After research implementation for analyzing the result, the Anova and Fisher's post hoc test were used. The result shown that emotion regulation training can effects on the craving reduction signs, attention bias in drug-dependent people .Also healthy control group has shown less attention in contrast to drug temptation and bias control. Effective management of emotions makes to odd situations that are high risk for substance abuse, use of cognitive strategies for regulating their emotions and by reducing craving and attentional bias reduces the amount back to the reuse of materials is.

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The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of training Kohlberg’s dilemmas procedures, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction on emotion expectancies in female adolescences. The statistical population includes all grade female students in Yasuj high school during 2013-2014. This was a pre-test, post- test and follow up queasy-experimental study with control group. The study sample consisted of 120 female students who were selected via multi – step cluster sampling method and, randomly, assigned to Four groups. The experimental groups were separately, taught Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas during 8 sessions of 70 minutes. One of the group was induced by positive emotion method. The control group was left untreated.
The participants confronted with a set of emotion expectancies scenarios (Malti and Killer, 2011) as the pre-test, post- test and follow up. The datas were analyzed by repeated measure method and by ANCOVA tests. The findings showed that Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction methods were effective on emotion expectancies (p<0/001). The follow up L.S.D test showed that: although all intervention methods were effective on emotion expectances in post- test and follow up phases, real life dilemmas can improve the emotion expectancies more than other three methods in post- test and follow up phases. The next highest effectiveness rates (the highest mean differences compared with those of control group) belong to training Kohlberg’s dilemmas, and positive emotion induction, respectively.

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Given the high prevalence of social anxiety and its importance in people under 18 year, The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of alexithymia mediated into the relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. In this study, 180 high school female students who were selected using Multi stage cluster sampling, formed the research sample. Participants completed a questionnaire Connor social anxiety(Spin), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and Toronto-20 Alexithymia Scale. The results showed that adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, Respectively, had positive and negative correlations with social anxiety. Alexithymia had also positively correlated with social anxiety. Results of regression analysis showed that alexithymia can be have a mediator role in relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. According to the results, it appears that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, mediated by alexithymia, can better predict the social anxiety.

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The use of virtual social networks has increased among Iranians in the recent years. The aim of this study was to compare some of the reasons of tendency to use these social networking sites (body image satisfaction, emotion regulation and loneliness) among male and female students. Research method of the
current study was a causal-comparative one. The study population included all male and female students of Kharazmi University living in its dormitory (Karaj unit) in the academic year 2014-2015; of this population 97 students (48 boys and 49 girls) were selected through convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the short form of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults, body image rating scale and emotion regulation subscale of emotional intelligence questionnaire were used. The results of the current study showed that the two groups had no significant difference in body image satisfaction; however, average of emotion regulation, general loneliness, social loneliness and emotional loneliness was significantly higher in the female group. So it seems that the emotion regulation and loneliness have a role in the more use of social networks among girls.

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Comorbidity between Borderline personality disorderand substance abuse disorder is very high. The present study examined the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on negative emotion regulation strategies in women with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse. Based on the willingness to participate in the research, structured clinical interview and the criteria for inclusion, of female patients with borderline personality disorders and substance abuse 4 people were purposefully selected. These four participants underwent emotion regulation techniques of dialectical behavior therapy for 12 sessions. In order to measure negative emotion regulation strategies, Garnesfky cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire was used. To analyze the collected data, visual analysis of charts and trend indicators, stable, percentage of non-overlapping data and percentage of overlapping data was used. Emotion regulation techniques of Dialectical behavior therapy reduced the scores of negative emotion regulation strategies in women with borderline personality disorders and substance abuse. A review of the effectiveness charts and the amount of effect represented
a significant reduction in the use of negative emotion regulation strategies (including self-blame, rumination, blaming others and catastrophizing) in participants. Dialectical behavior therapy is useful in the reduction of the use of emotion regulation strategies (including selfblame, rumination, blaming others an catastrophizing). It seemed these techniques can be useful in the treatment of women with comorbidity borderline personality disorders and substance abuse.

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The goal of this research was to compare the recognition of disgust between patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy people, and to study the relationship between the intensity of this disorder and the ability of the recognition of disgust. In this causal-comparative research, facial emotion recognition has been studied in two groups consisting of 15 normal people and 15 people with severe OCD. Facial emotion recognition was assessed by using of 41 pictures of Ekman and Friesen (1979) that evaluates 6 different emotion styles (sadness, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise) and neutral emotion. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the recognition of disgust ( F=3, P=0/04).Since the situation in which OCD patients experienced disgust was different from the situations in which the normal people experienced disgust, we can consider the different perception of disgust in these individuals as one of the underlying causes of having the symptoms of OCD, specially preoccupation about the air pollution. It seems that there is a defect of the recognition of disgust only in people with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Objective: The aim of this study was predicting behavioral disorders based on emotional abuse in the first high school students. Method:  Method of this study is descriptive-analytic method. Research community were included all first grade high school students in Jajarm city. 519 students were selected as sample through Census method. These students were completed adolescent self-reported questionnaire and emotional abuse questionnaire. To analyze data were used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential methods (Pearson correlation and regression). Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between behavioral disorders (total scores, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant and conduct disorder) and emotional abuse (total scores and its subscales) (05 / 0p <). Regression analysis showed that the variables of emotional abuse could predict behavioral disorders. Conclusion: The results showed that educational and family environment should be pay attention to this issue because there is a significant relationship between emotional abuse and behavioral disorder.

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The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive emotion regulation, general health, problem-solving style and academic performance of the adolescent girls with addicted parents with nonaddicted parents ones. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population was all female high school students of the third District of Karaj. Using convenience sampling method, 120 students was used which was included of 60 students with addicted and 60 students with non-addicted parents. The selected students in both groups were equilized. The groups completed Cognitive Emotion Regulation, general health and problem solving questionnaires. T-test and MANOVA were used to data analysis. Results indicated that adolescents with addicted parents achieve more score in “Blaming others” item and the others achieve more score in “Putting into perspective”, “Positive refocusing”, “Positive reappraisal” and “Refocus on planning” items in Cognitive Emotion Regulation test. Adolescents with nonaddicted parents get more score in “social” context and the others have more score in “Physical”, “anxiety” and “depression” context. Problem solving score in “personal control” item for students with nonaddicted parents and score in “Avoidance” for adolescents with addicted parents is higher than others. Academic Performance of the adolescents with addicted parents was less than that of the others.

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 The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of the ambivalence over emotional expression questionnaire (AEQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of AEQ. A convenience sample of 521 students from three universities in Tehran in 2015-2016 was examined.  We assessed validity of the questionnaire by  construct validity (via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity. Cronbach alpha, split half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficients were used for assessing reliablity. Exploratory factor analysis of AEQ’s items showed two factors named ambivalence over expression of positive emotions and ambivalence over expression of negative emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure resulted from exploratory factor analysis which was different from the proposed factors in original questionaire. For total questionnaire and two extracted factors, Cronbach alphas were between 0.77 and 0.86, the Spearman–Brown coefficients were between 0.77 and 0.88 and the test- retest reliability coefficients were between 0.72 and 0.79. The results of this study indicated that this questionnaire have  appropriate psychometric properties among Iranian Population.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of face to face and internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies of individuals with Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. This study employed pretest-posttest and follow-up quasi-experimental designs with two experimental groups and one control group. A convenience sample of 45 university staff and professors who theire score were higher than the cut-off score in PSQT and BDI-II questionnaire was selected by using diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 criteria for depression and insomnia. We randomly assigned 15 people in to three group. The experimental groups received 6 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The results showed that the face to face procedure was more effective in reducing putting into catastrophizing and increasing perspective- taking, refocus on planning, than internet-based one. The two experimental groups had a significant difference in rumination, “positive refocusing”, “blaming others” and “blaming self compared with the control group. Moreover, the three groups were similar in terms of “positive reappraisal” and “acceptance”. According to the findings, both procedure of treatment was effectively improved the cognitive emotion regulation strategies

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the model which investigate predictive role of emotional dysregulation (ED), intolerance of uncertainty (IU), experiential avoidance (EA) and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) in positive and negative perfectionism. Participants were 412 B.S students of Tehran university, Allameh Tabatabei and Kharazmi university.The positive and negative perfectionism, repetitive negative thinking questionnaire, disorder in emotion regulation scale, intolerance of uncertainty scale and multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire were used for gathering data. Data was analyzed by structural equations modeling. ED does not have significant relationship with positive perfectionism. But there is mediated and unmediated significant relationship between ED and negative perfectionism. IU has unmediated significant relationship with perfectionism and has mediated and unmediated significant relationship with negative perfectionism. EA has unmediated significant relationship with perfectionism and has mediated and unmediated significant relationship with negative perfectionism. ED, IU and EA were significantly predicted 12 percent of positive perfectionisms, 64 percent of negative perfectionisms and 58 percent of RNT. The results showed that positive and negative perfectionism are two different structural models. And RNT mediates the association just between negative perfectionism and some of outcome variables.
 

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Divorce is a reality in the lives of many people around the world. This phenomenon is affecting people's lives in many ways and is the origin of complex emotional, cognitive and physical changes in the family, especially children. In this regard, this study was conducted to explore the lived experience of children of divorce about their emotional experiences. In this qualitative study, a phenomenological framework was adopted. The population under study was 17 adolescents aged 12-18 years old; who had experienced the separation of their parents. The participants were selected purposively, and selection continued until data saturation. Data collected by semi-structured and face-to-face individual interviews. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi`s proposed stages. The thematic analysis resulted in three sub-themes for emotional experiences including anger and hate, fear and feeling of defenseless. According to findings, the adolescents participating in the study faced with a variety of emotions and experiences during the divorce and thereafter. Based on the results, children of divorce have numerous mental and environmental perceptions and experiences which in some cases can affect their well-being and mental health. The results emphasize the need for a deeper explanation of the lived experience of these people by psychologists and social workers and implementing therapeutic interventions based on the content derived from the present study, focusing on improving their emotional states.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness an antibullying parent management training on Student's Victimization and Cognitive Emotion Regulation. This research was semi-experimental design with pre test-post test design and control group. The statistical population of study was all primary schools city of Karaj in academic year of 96-97  and the statistical sample was one of schools in the 12th district of Karaj was selected by random cluster sampling. Then 36 victim students of the fourth and fifth level were selected using California's bully-victimization questionnaire and Granofsky's cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups of 18 Parents of the experimental group underwent parent management training in 9 sessions of 90 minutes(one session per week). Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and analysis of covariance. The findings of the study showed that parent management training had a significant effect on reducing the victimization and improving the emotion regulation of students. This study showed the effectiveness of parent management training on reduceing victimization and improve cognitive emotion regulation in students.

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AIDS as a chronic dangerous disease is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to compare of looming maladaptive style, negative problem-orientation, interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing style, and rejection sensitivity in the patients with AIDS and healthy people. the method of this study was descriptive from its comparative casual types. The population was all of patients with AIDS were referred to health center in the urmia. The Sample was 40 patients with AIDS were referred to health center in the urmia and 40 healthy people were selected by available sampling method. Data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance and one-way analysis of variance. the results showed that there is significant deference between two groups in the variables of looming maladaptive style, negative problem-orientation, interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing styles and rejection sensitivity and patients with AIDS get the higher scores in these variables. it can be concluded that many psychological problems that these patients experience are in part as a result of cognitive, emotional and social factors that have been studied in this study. Then, paying attention to these factors in the etiology and treatment of psychological problems of these patients can be a useful step in the reducing of these problems and improving of mental health in the patients.
 

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