Showing 465 results for Type of Study: Research
Alireza Mojab Ghasrodashti, Ali Naseri,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of life skills training on internalized shame and perceived stress among university students. This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group and a two-month follow-up. The study population consisted of students at the Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, in 2024, from whom 72 participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (36 in each group). The research instruments included the Internalized Shame Scale (Cook) and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen). The experimental group received life skills training based on Kleinke’s protocol in 10 weekly sessions of 45 minutes, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that life skills training led to a significant reduction in internalized shame and perceived stress in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and these effects were maintained at follow-up. The findings suggest that life skills training is an effective educational and preventive intervention for improving mental health indicators among university students and can be incorporated into student mental health promotion programs.
Seyedeh Bita Mir Ghaffari, Dr Maryam Kalhornia Golkar , Dr Taher Tizdast,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
| The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a structured cardiac rehabilitation program on the self-care pattern of patients with coronary artery disease. This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included men aged 40 to 65 years with coronary artery disease, from whom 30 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in a structured cardiac rehabilitation program including self-care behavior education, lifestyle modification, physical activity, healthy nutrition, medication adherence, and stress management, while the control group received usual care. Data were collected using the Coronary Artery Disease Patients Self-Care Questionnaire, third edition, and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that the cardiac rehabilitation program resulted in significant and sustained improvement in the self-care behaviors of patients in the intervention group compared to the control group. Significant improvements were observed, especially in the self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management subscales, which were maintained at the three-month follow-up. This study showed that cardiac rehabilitation, as a multidimensional and education-based intervention, has a positive effect on self-care behaviors of patients with coronary artery disease and can be considered as an effective method for improving the quality of care for these patients. |
Noura Dehghanpour, Tavakol Mosizadeh, Reza Kazemzadeh, Vakil Nazari,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-focused compassion therapy on distress tolerance and alexithymia in women with skin picking and hair picking disorder in Tehran. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population included female students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria and purposive sampling method. A total of 45 eligible subjects were identified and after random assignment using a random number table, 30 subjects were replaced in two experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups. The experimental group received self-focused compassion therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire, a distress tolerance questionnaire, and an alexithymia questionnaire. Data were collected and analyzed in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of distress tolerance and alexithymia at the pre-test stage, which indicated the initial homogeneity of the groups, but at the post-test and follow-up stage, a significant difference was observed between the two groups, indicating the effectiveness of self-focused compassion therapy in improving distress tolerance and reducing alexithymia in women with hair-picking disorder. Accordingly, it can be concluded that this therapeutic approach can be effective in reducing the severity of symptoms and improving the emotional indicators of these individuals.
Mohammad Garavandnia, Esmail Saidpour,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to design, validate, and determine the effectiveness of a responsibility training package based on Glasser's Choice Theory on two key components of the quality of learning experiences, namely academic guidance quality and learning flexibility, in students. In this mixed-methods study, the qualitative phase was dedicated to developing the components of the package based on the theoretical foundations of Choice Theory and previous research literature, and its content validity was confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio, the Content Validity Index, and the opinions of experts in educational psychology and reality therapy. The quantitative phase of the study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of female second-grade high school students in the experimental sciences field in District 2 of Karaj, from which a sample was selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent ten 90-minute sessions of training with the designed package, and the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings revealed that after controlling for pretest scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on both dependent variables; specifically, the educational package significantly increased academic guidance quality and enhanced learning flexibility in the experimental group compared to the control group. These findings provide considerable empirical support for the efficacy of the Choice Theory-based responsibility training package in improving indicators of learning quality. Therefore, the designed package can be used as a standardized and structured tool in academic counseling programs and school-based interventions to foster responsibility and improve students' learning experiences.
Parastoo Jeab, Dr Maryam Gahremani,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotional self-efficacy therapy and time perspective therapy on self-concealment and post-traumatic growth in women with breast cancer. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test framework, including two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with breast cancer referred to cancer diagnosis and treatment centers in Tehran during the first quarter of 2025. From this population, 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to three equal groups (n=15 each): emotional self-efficacy therapy, time perspective therapy, and a control group. The emotional self-efficacy intervention was conducted in eight 90-minute group sessions, and the time perspective therapy intervention was conducted in six 90-minute group sessions, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Research instruments included the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS) by Larson and Chastain (1990) and the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996).
Setare Hajili, Fatemeh Gholami, Akbar Mohammadi,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to predict empathy deficit based on childhood trauma, mediating by theory of mind deficits among female college students. The research design was descriptive-correlational utilizing structural equation modeling (path analysis). The statistical population consisted of all female college students at the Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, in June 2025, from whom a sample of 210 students was selected via convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and the Empathy Quotient. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis via statistical software, and the bootstrapping method was applied to evaluate the significance of the indirect effect. The findings from path analysis indicated that the hypothesized model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data. The results of the direct path coefficients revealed that childhood trauma had a significant positive direct effect on both theory of mind deficits and empathy deficit. Furthermore, the direct effect of theory of mind deficits on empathy deficit was positive and statistically significant. Additionally, the bootstrapping results indicated that theory of mind deficits played a significant positive mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and empathy deficit. In total, the predictor variables accounted for 40% of the variance in empathy deficit. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that traumatic childhood experiences not only directly impair empathy capacity but also exacerbate empathy deficit in adulthood by arresting social-cognitive development and causing deficits in the theory of mind. Therefore, it is essential to design psychological interventions focused on trauma-informed therapies and enhancing mentalization and social cognition skills within university counseling centers for female students with a history of trauma.
Hoda Jafarian, Maryam Nakhkoob,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on thought fusion and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tehran. The present study method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with obsessive-compulsive disorder who visited clinics in Tehran between April and June 1404, from which a sample was selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The measurement tools included the Thought Fusion Questionnaire and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The experimental group underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of thought fusion and the severity of obsessive symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly reduced the rate of thought fusion and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on the research findings, cognitive-behavioral therapy, by correcting cognitive distortions and reducing thought-action fusion, is an effective approach in improving the clinical symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the use of this treatment protocol is recommended in rehabilitation centers and psychological clinics.
Zohreh Ahmadi,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on rumination and depressive symptoms in students with major depressive disorder. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all students with major depressive disorder referred to the Tehran Health Center in 1404, from which 30 students with major depressive disorder were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 8 90-minute sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Rumination Scale (RRS). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group in rumination variables and depressive symptoms. In fact, participating in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions led to a significant reduction in the repetition of unwanted thoughts and the alleviation of clinical symptoms of depression in students. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, by teaching the skills of being present in the moment and accepting without judgment, is an effective tool for managing repetitive thoughts and improving the mental state of students with major depression and can be used as a complementary intervention in university counseling centers.
Ms. Zahra Ghoddousi, Ms. Azadi, Dr. Nemati-Sogolitappeh,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Body Dissatisfaction Scale (BDS) and evaluate its validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy among Iranian adolescents across BMI categories. A total of 281 adolescents (mean age = 15.94 ± 1.80 years; 61% girls) completed the BDS, the Body Image Concern Inventory, the short form of the Emotional Eating Scale for Children, and provided their Body Mass Index (BMI). The findings indicated that the BDS demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity, as scores were positively correlated with the BICI and its subscales. Concurrent validity was supported by the significant relationship between the BDS and EES-C among girls. Known-groups validity was supported, as PAB scores increased with higher BMI, showing significant differences between weight categories. ROC analysis revealed that PAB had acceptable accuracy in distinguishing underweight and good-to-excellent accuracy for overweight/obesity. Cutoff points were ≤ 3 for underweight in girls, ≤ 4 in boys, and ≥ 6 for overweight/obesity. Test–retest reliability was excellent among girls and good among boys. Overall, the findings confirmed that the BDS is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for assessing body dissatisfaction among Iranian adolescents and can serve as a useful screening measure when direct measurement of height and weight is not feasible.
Negar Korminouri, Robabeh Noury, Jafar Hassani,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
This study aimed to predict children’s eating behavior based on parental reflective capacity, examining the mediating role of parental feeding styles. The study employed a descriptive-correlational design using path analysis. The population comprised all mothers of children aged 6–12 years attending primary schools in Tehran in 2024. Using convenience sampling, 573 mothers were recruited. Instruments included the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ; Wardle et al., 2001), the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ; Luyten et al., 2017), and the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ; Wardle et al., 2002). Data were analyzed using path analysis, and the model demonstrated acceptable fit. Findings indicated that the indirect effect of pre-mentalizing on approach behavior via emotional feeding was significant; the indirect effects of pre-mentalizing on avoidant behavior via instrumental and controlling feeding were also significant. In contrast, the indirect effect of certainty about mental states on avoidant behavior via instrumental feeding was not significant, whereas the indirect effects via encouragement to eat and controlling feeding were significant. All reported significant indirect effects reached (p<0.05). Maternal mentalization, through different feeding styles, influences children’s approach and avoidance behaviors; an encouraging style increases approach, while instrumental and controlling styles reinforce avoidance.
Zahra Akhavan, Mojtaba Rahnemazadeh,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Depression and attention deficit disorders are common childhood problems that can affect children's mental health and academic performance. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training on symptoms of depression and attention deficit disorders in children aged 7 to 12 years. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all children aged 7 to 12 years who referred to Rahyab Counseling and Psychology Center in Amol in 1404. Among them, 30 children were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received mindfulness training during eight weekly sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Connors Questionnaire (Teacher Form) and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The findings showed that mindfulness training significantly reduced depressive symptoms and improved attention functions in children in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the results of the three-month follow-up phase showed that the effects of the intervention continued in both research variables. Based on the research findings, mindfulness training can be used as an effective complementary intervention in counseling centers and educational environments to reduce depressive symptoms and improve children's attention functions.
Mrs Mahrokh Ajorloo,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is influenced not only by biological factors but also by psychological factors. Individuals with a family history of heart disease are particularly vulnerable to elevated cardiac anxiety and reduced psychological flexibility. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on cardiac anxiety and psychological flexibility in patients with coronary artery disease and a family history of heart disease. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group. The statistical population consisted of patients with coronary artery disease and a family history of heart disease who were referred to Imam Hossein Hospital in 2025. Thirty eligible participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). The intervention group received eight sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, whereas the control group received no psychological intervention. Data were collected using the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The findings indicated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy significantly reduced cardiac anxiety and significantly improved psychological flexibility in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < .001). Furthermore, the treatment effects were maintained at the follow-up assessment. The findings suggest that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be considered an effective complementary psychological intervention alongside routine medical care for reducing cardiac anxiety and enhancing psychological flexibility in patients with coronary artery disease and a family history of heart disease.
Sara Entezari, Dr. Roshanak Khodabakhsh Pirkalani,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mentalization, epistemic trust, mistrust, and credulity in the relationship between narcissistic traits (vulnerable and grandiose) and depression. A correlational design with path analysis was employed. A convenience sample of 304 adults completed Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996), Short Form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (Sherman et al., 2015), The Mentalization Scale (Dimitrijević et al., 2018) and Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (Campbell et al., 2021). The results revealed that both dimensions of narcissism had a significant positive indirect effect on depression through reduced mentalizing capacity and increased epistemic mistrust. However, epistemic trust played a significant mediating role only in the path between vulnerable narcissism and depression. The indirect paths through epistemic credulity were also not significant. Also, the direct effect of grandiose narcissism on depression was negative, but the total effect was positive through indirect paths. These findings highlight the distinct mediating mechanisms of narcissism dimensions and underscore the importance of capacities for social information processing in understanding depressive symptoms. The results may inform the development of preventive, psychoeducational, or therapeutic programs focused on enhancing mentalization and restoring epistemic trust in individuals with narcissistic traits.
Leila Kabiri, Molouk Khademi Ashkzari, Saeed Akbari-Zardkhaneh, Keyvan Salehi, Hossein Pourshahriar,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The increasing socio-cultural changes in recent years, coupled with the high prevalence of psychological health issues during the critical adolescent years and a research gap in this area, highlight the importance of investigating the factors that create a sense of well-being in adolescents. This study aimed to identify the conditions for sense of well-being and to present a conceptual framework of well-being for Iranian adolescents. A qualitative, constructivist approach and a grounded theory research design were used with the aim of conceptual ordering. The study population consisted of Iranian adolescents, mainly residing in the city of Qazvin, aged 16 to 19 years, who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected from 2024 to 2025 through face-to-face, semi-structured interviews and Coding was performed manually in two stages initial and focused Coding based on the Charmazian approach, and themes were sorted using Excel 2019. This process yielded twelve core concepts: engagement, optimism, happiness, self-relationship, relationships with others, relationship with God, relationship with existence, self and family health, personal growth, flourishing community, moral values, and material resourcesThe findings of this research provide insights for policymakers and educators to create a suitable environment for fostering well-being.
Dr Mohammad Borna, Mrs Seyede Fazileh Alboushoke,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on interpretation bias in adolescent girls with depressive disorder. The study community included all female adolescents studying in the age range of 15 to 18 years in Ramshir City in 2023-2024. From the aforementioned population, a sample of 350 people was selected using Sample available and completed the Beck Depression Inventory, of which 28 people scored above the cutoff point (score higher than 25). Then, this group underwent a diagnostic interview and completed the Amir et al. (1998) Interpretation Bias Questionnaire as a pre-test. Both groups were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and a control group. The present research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The experimental group underwent rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The results showed that rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in reducing interpretation bias in adolescent girls with depressive disorder. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be used as an effective method to help improve the conditions of adolescent girls with depressive disorder.
Fatemeh Jafari Marbin, Dr Farhad Mohammadi Masiri,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze and compare the psychological profiles of two groups of traditional and industrial drug users, examining the differences in brain-behavioral systems, personality dimensions, and prosocial behavior tendencies. This causal-comparative study was conducted on 200 drug-dependent men (100 traditional drug users and 100 industrial drug users) who had referred to rehabilitation centers in Qom in 1404. The measurement tools included the Gray-Wilson Brain-Behavioral Systems Questionnaire, Cloninger Personality and Character Test, and the Revised Prosocial Behavior Scale. The findings from multivariate analysis of variance showed that industrial drug users scored significantly higher in the behavioral activation system and the approach and active avoidance subscales, while no significant differences were observed in the behavioral inhibition and conflict-avoidance systems. In terms of personality dimensions, the industrial group had higher scores in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, perseverance, self-direction, and self-transcendence, but traditional users showed superiority in the reward dependence dimension and indicators of social behavior (altruism and compliance). The results indicate that the industrial substance use pattern is associated with a more impulsive personality profile and a deeper breakdown in social functioning, while traditional users maintained social bonds and responsiveness to environmental rewards. These findings emphasize the need to review treatment protocols and design differentiated interventions based on the type of substance used and the neuro-personality underpinnings in the field of addiction psychology.
Shiva Jamshidi, Dr. Mehdi Akbari, David Hallford, Dr. Alireza Moradi,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Distress intolerance, as a psychological vulnerability factor, has been implicated in the development of a wide range of conditions leading to psychopathology, including worry and rumination. Low distress tolerance may also predispose individuals to greater use of avoidance strategies. This study aimed to expand our understanding of the relationship between distress intolerance and worry/rumination by examining the mediating role of two forms of avoidance (i.e., experiential avoidance and emotional contrast avoidance). Questionnaire and cross-sectional data were collected from 1,098 participants from the general population aged 18–55 years (52.3% female). The results of structural equation modeling and mediattion analysis showed that experiential avoidance and emotional contrast avoidance mediated the relationship between distress intolerance and worry/rumination in a chain fashion. More precisely, the lower the distress tolerance capacity, the more people engage in repetitive negative thinking in the form of worry and/or rumination, and the two forms of avoidance mediated this relationship. The applications, limitations, and implications of this research are also discussed.
Ms Firoozeh Jalalipour, Dr Soheila Rahmani,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2026)
Abstract
Test anxiety, as a psychological and educational challenge, imposes a considerable burden on adolescent students. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an adolescent-centered Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on alexithymia and test anxiety symptoms in adolescents. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of adolescent students studying in two schools in Tehran during the 2025 academic year. From among them, 30 students were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the adolescent-centered Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program in eight weekly sessions, whereas the control group received no intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire and were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The statistical results indicated that the adolescent-centered Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program led to a significant reduction in alexithymia and test anxiety symptoms among students in the experimental group compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the follow-up results demonstrated the stability and persistence of the effects of this psychological intervention at the two-month follow-up assessment. In conclusion, the adolescent-centered Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program can be considered an effective and sustainable intervention for reducing alexithymia and test anxiety symptoms in adolescents, and its application as a complementary intervention in educational settings is recommended.
Saba Sedaghatzadeh, Dr Sima Farzaneh,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the emotional schema of shame and emotional expressivity in adolescent boys with high social anxiety in District 13 of Tehran. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all male students in the first and second levels of secondary school with high social anxiety in the 2025–2026 academic year. Using a multistage cluster sampling method, 30 students whose scores on the Social Anxiety Questionnaire were above the cutoff point were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The research instruments included the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (2002), the Emotional Expressivity Scale (King & Emmons, 1990), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (Connor et al., 2000). The experimental group received Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in eight 120-minute sessions, whereas the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance in SPSS version 26. The results indicated that the effects of time, group, and the interaction between time and group on the dependent variables were statistically significant . Furthermore, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy led to a significant and sustained reduction in the emotional schema of shame and a significant increase in emotional expressivity in the experimental group compared with the control group at the posttest and follow-up stages. Based on the findings, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be considered an effective intervention for reducing the emotional schema of shame and improving emotional expressivity in adolescents with social anxiety.
Mr Mohsen Arbezi, Mrs. Zahra Noorozi Ghader Loo, Dr. Bahram Jowkar,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2026)
Abstract
This descriptive-correlational study investigated the psychometric properties of the Emotional Resilience Questionnaire (ERQ) (Zhang & Lu, 2010) in the general population of Shiraz. A convenience sample of 501 adults (310 women, 191 men) completed the ERQ (Zhang & Lu, 2010) and the short version of the Big Five Personality Questionnaire (Khormaei & Farmani, 2014). Construct, convergent, and divergent validity were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and correlation coefficients between ERQ and Big Five personality factors. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. EFA extracted two components: "positive emotional competence" and "emotional resilience." CFA confirmed the two-factor structure, consistent with the original study (Zhang & Lu, 2010). Furthermore, examining the correlation between emotional resilience and the Big Five personality traits, along with the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) index, demonstrated the convergent validity of the instrument. High Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients further indicated its reliability. Overall, the ERQ demonstrated suitable psychometric properties for measuring emotional resilience in the Iranian general population and can be utilized by researchers.
