Journal of

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Inhibition as an important component of executive functionsplays an important role in the incidence of juvenile delinquency.The aim of thisresearch is to investigate the role ofbehavioral inhibition in the Juvenile delinquents with or without history of substance abuse.42 juvenile delinquents and 20 normal adolescents, as the control group, were selected through cluster random sampling method. Juvenile delinquents were divided into two groups: with or without history of substance abuse and  these two groups were matched for age and sex andThen the two groups were assessed through tests including go no go and stop signs.Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance test, univariate analysis of variance test and Tukey test. Analysis of data showedthat the juvenile delinquents, in comparison with the normal adolescents,performed poorly on behavioral inhibition,but there was no significant difference between groups with or without history of substance abuse (p>0.05).Therefore, Insufficiency of behavioral inhibition can be one of the underlying causes of tendencies to delinquency. The findings of thepresent studyemphasize the necessity ofthe focused interventions to improve the executive function in juvenile offenders

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Recently, the study of cognitive processes in impulsive individuals has attracted the researchers’ attention. Considering impulsivity as a multidimensional construct, this study was performed to compare cognitive processing speed in 80 female college students who, on the basis of their scores on UPPS Impulsivity Scale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001), were divided into four groups (n=20 for each) which were dominant in one of the impulsivity components (i.e. Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Lack of Perseverance, Sensation seeking). Reaction time task was administered on all participants in two positive and negative mood contexts (which was induced by music). Results revealed a significant difference between the functioning of Urgency group and two other groups (Lack of Premeditation & Lack of Perseverance) in negative mood context. There were no significant differences between four groups’ functioning in positive mood context. The role of impulsivity dimensions and mood context on cognitive processing speed was discussed. In general the findings of present research emphasize the multidimensional concept of impulsivity & provide new guides to study lateralized cognitive processes according to personality constructs.

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This study was an attempt to make a comparison between the people with Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, high Schizotypy and Overlapping Symptoms and the normal people in terms of the Thought- Action Fusion and Thought Suppression. For this purpose, 1570 undergraduate students of Tabriz University, Iran, were selected using simple random sampling, and they completed the relevant questionnaire of the study. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed that those with overlapping symptoms, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and high schizotypy got respectively higher scores in Thought- Action Fusion and Thought Suppression in comparison with the normal(control) group. The results of our study suggested that Thought action-fusion and Thought suppression may lead to the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in normal individuals and the individuals with high schizotypy. Further, they may lead to the formation of schizo-obsessive disorder that may be a distinct subtype with unique clinical characteristics.

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This study aimed at comparing the quality of life and stress coping styles in narcotic anonymous (NA) and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) members. In this causal-comparative study, 100 men (NA:50 and MMT:50), who aged 20 to 40 years and avoided drug at least 6 months, from Shahrood city,Iran, completed Word Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (QoLWHO) and Endler & parker coping styles inventory. The results showed that mean scores of the interpersonal relationships, physical health, and task-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping styles in NA members was significantly higher in comparison with the mean scores in MMT members. Further, results of the diagonistic analysis showed that the comparative differences in a compound of variables (considering the aspect of signifance, these variables include interpersonal relationships,physical health, task-oriented) would differentiate the two groups significantly. It seems that actively attending in NA may enhance QoL and effective Coping styles

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of BATD on the treatment of obese women with depression and anxiety. In this study, 45 obese women (45 patients with a BMI equal to or greater than kg/m2 30) suffering from depression and anxiety were divided randomly into three groups of fifteen. All members of these groups were matched in terms of age, sex, education level and BMI. Research tools of this study included Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State-trait Anxiety Inventory,and treatment package of BATD. After taking a pre-test, the experiment group underwent 10 sessions of BATD, the regimen group received the treatment concerning the reduction of weight, and the third group received no treatment. After the termination of these interventions, the subjects took a post-test. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that behavioral activation treatment for depression(BATD) was effective in reducing the anxiety and depression symptoms of the patients with obesity. One of the probable reasons for the effectiveness of BATD, the increase of the level of pleasant, important activities and the promising events in the patient’s life can be mentioned. Finally, the results of this study are consistent with the results of other research.

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The purpose of this research was to study the effect of stress inoculation training on the psychological satisfaction of individuals considering their identity style. Population of the study incorporated female undergraduate students these students’ identity style was determined. Of these students, 67 subjects having normative and diffuse/avoidant identity style were selected through simple random sampling and empirical method, and were put into two groups: experimental and control group. The experimental group received 12 sessions of treatment(90-minute sessions), and the control group received no treatment. To analyze the data, two way multivariate analysis of covariance was used. Results of the analysis revealed that the psychological satisfaction of the experimental group increased significantly in comparison with the experimental group. Furthermore, according to the findings of the study, identity styles had no effect on the psychological satisfaction however, they had significant effect on the efficacy of stress inoculation training. It should be mentioned that these changes(changes related to the psychological satisfaction) were stable. Therefore, it seems necessary to change the system of beliefs and to develop effective, consistent coping strategies in individuals with different identity style and processing strategy.

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The purpose of the present research was to examine the factor structure of Fear of Intimacy Scale (Descutner & Thelen, 1991) and to get an acute tool which measures the degree of the Fear of Intimacy among the Iranian people. Population of the study included some married couples living in Tehran, Iran. A sample of 567 subjects, 329 females (58%) and 238 males (41.9%), completed the relevant questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to analyze the structure of the questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed two factors existed among the 35 items of the questionnaire: fear of intimacy in the relationship with the spouse, fear of intimacy in the relationship with the others. The internal consistency for the whole scale, factor 1 and factor 2 was 0.83 ,0.81 ,0.72 respectively test-retest reliability for the whole scale, factor 1 and factor 2 was 0.92, 0.87,0.85 respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the data hadsignificant correlation. Negative correlation(-0.58) between this scale and the intimacy scale of walker and Thompson was indicative of the construct validity of test. FIS can be used to help those having problems in increasing the level of intimacy with others especially their spouse. Further, this scale can be used in clinical works and research.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in implicit and explicit cognitive processes during and after different intensities of aerobic physical exercise based on Transient Hypofrontality Theory. 39 male subjects with an average level of physical activity (age: M = 20.97± 0.14 Vo2 max: M = 50.25± 6.92 ml/kg/min) were divided randomly to three groups of thirteen based on the intensity of aerobic physical exercise: high intensity group (first group), moderate intensity group (second group), and low intensity group (third group). Magnetic bike was used for aerobic physical activity and heart rate remote control was used to control the intensity of activity. Implicit cognitive process (Visual choice reaction time) and explicit cognitive process ( Stroop) tests were performed in four times: before and during the activity, 1 minutes and 15 minutes after the cessation of the activity. Results of the repeated measure ANOVA and inter-group factor showed that the effects of factors including time, group and interaction were significant on the implicit cognitive test.                                                                                                         As for the explicit cognitive test , the major effect of time, interaction and group was significant. Results of this study showed that transient hypofrontality occurred when the intensity of aerobic physical exercise was high.

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The study on body image has grown steadily over the recent few decades. Since many studies investigated the relationship between body image and psychosocial functions, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between body image and adjustment. The subjects of the study included 400 male and female high school student who were selected through cluster sampling. The data were collected by using Physical Self-Description Questionnaire and Bell Adjustment Inventory, and the obtained data were then analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between body image and adjustment. The results were representative of the fact there was a significant difference in body image of male and female students, but there was no significant difference in adjustment of both male and female students. In general, the findings demonstrated that positive body image would lead to more adjustment behaviors through developing the sense of higher self worth.

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the metacognitive processes regard to the dimensions of anxiety and impulsivity. First, the sample of the study, 600 female students of Tarbiat Modares University, completed the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Then, based on the subjects’ score in lie scale and their extreme scores in extraversion and neuroticism dimensions, 4 groups (15 subjects in each group) consisting of high anxiety (Anx⁺), low anxiety (Anx^-), high impulsivity (Imp⁺) and low impulsivity (Imp^-) subjects were selected, and completed Stroop and Wisconsin tests. The results indicated that the quality of metacognitive process and the executive functions similar to it were better in Anx^- group in comparison to Anx⁺ group and in Imp^- group in comparison to Imp⁺ group. Generally speaking, the results of this study highlight the effect of anxiety and impulsivity on metacognitive processes.

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The purpose of this article was studied of the efficacy of transactional analysis group therapy upon improving problem-solving skills. This study was experimental with pretest-posttest design. Thirty clients who were referring to the Ferdowsi University Counseling and Psychology Clinic were chose based on screening method. In addition, were randomly divided two equal groups (15 participants): experimental and control groups. Problem-solving questionnaire was used collect data as well as the experimental intervention was TA group therapy that was administrated during two hours and weekly. For data analysis in the descriptive level mean and standard deviation were used and covariate method was used at the inference level (ANCOVA). The results suggest that the problem-solving skills in the experimental group significantly increased. Moreover, by the increase in subscales creative, confidence, control, and approach styles were observed. It concluded that the method of TA group therapy is effective and useful strategy in improving problem-solving skills.

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This study aimed to prepare a personality profile of Gardoon personality questionnaire in which developed by Farahani in 2009, in tree groups of jobs: teachers, workers, and  nurses. For this purpose, 506 individuals out of the teachers, workers and nurses were selected randomly, so that the Gardoon personality questionnaire could be performed on them. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the workers, teachers and nurses in terms of agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism, but considering their sex, there was a significance difference between them in extraversion. Female teachers and male nurses were more extravert than male teachers and female nurse, and this characteristic, having an extravert personality, was also existed among the workers. As far as the subjects’ sex was concerned, the results showed that women were more agreeable than men. Based on the results of the previous studies and this study, it can be said that there are some differences between them in which has been discussed

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components of Metacognitive beliefs. In a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive design, 224 college students, 116 female and 108 male students, in Semnan University were selected through simple random sampling, and completed the Demographical Information Questionnaire, Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38), and Metacognitions Questionnaire(MCQ-30). The data were analyzed through correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between positive beliefs about worry, beliefs about Uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, beliefs about the need in controlling the Thoughts, cognitive self-consciousness and psychological well-being. Furthermore, there was a significant positive relationship between the above mentioned variables and psychological distress. Beliefs about the need in controlling the thoughts, beliefs about Uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, and cognitive self-consciousness are capable of predicting psychological well-being in college students they, in total, account for 32% of psychological well-being. Cognitive self-consciousness, beliefs about Uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, and positive beliefs about worry are capable of predicting psychological distress in college students they, in total, account for 36% of psychological distress. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that positive beliefs about worry, beliefs about Uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, beliefs about the need in controlling the thoughts, and cognitive self-consciousness are important factors in decreasing psychological well-being and in increasing psychological distress in college students.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the mental wellbeing, Coping Styles and perceived social support in parents having more than one exceptional and normal child. In the present study, which is an ex post facto research, 800 parents (400 parents having exceptional children and 400 parents having normal children) were selected by simple random sampling and multi-stage sampling. They completed Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations: Short Form (CISS-SF), multidimensional scale of the Social Support (MSPSS), and the mental wellbeing scales including the satisfaction with the life scale (SWLS) and the positive and negative affect. Data analyzed with the multivariate Analysis of Variance showed that there was a significant difference between these two groups of parents in terms of mental wellbeing. As far as the life satisfaction and positive affect are concerned, the parents having normal children got higher scores in comparison with the parents having normal children. The results also showed that there was a difference between the two groups in terms of the problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles no difference was seen in terms of the avoidance coping style The results also showed that parents having exceptional children got lower grades in three dimensions of social support(family, friends and others) in comparison with the parents having normal children. According to the findings of the study, having an exceptional child , especially having more than one, would  affect the psychological health of the family and the immediate relatives.

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This study has been carried out with the aim of studying and recognizing the role of attachment to God in Resilience and mental health of the parents of trainable mentally retarded children. In this descriptive, correlational research performed in 2010, 296 parents of trainable mentally retarded children were selected based on Morgan table and through stratified random sampling from the desired population and were then investigated. To collect the data three questionnaires were used: attachment to God, resiliency and checklist of behavioral signs. Analysis of the data through correlation coefficient and regression analysis showed that there was a positive meaningful relationship between secure attachment to God and resilience and mental health. Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between anxious, inevitable attachment to God and resilience and mental health. Also the result of regression analysis showed that the variable secure attachment to God can explain 70 percent of the variable resilience. Secure attachment to God had a significant positive relationship with resilience and mental health, and anxious and inevitable attachment to God had a significant negative relationship with resilience and mental health. Therefore it is likely to improve the individuals’ mental health by changing the quality of their attachment to God.  

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The current study investigates the mediating role of basic psychological needs (autonomy competence and relatedness), motivational self-regulation (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and academic demotivation) and academic excitement (class enjoyment and learning hopelessness) in the relationship between environmental factors supporting student's academic autonomy and school well-being. Through multi stage cluster sampling, 520 male and female students were selected from Karaj’s high schools. The tools used in this study included teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy scale, parents’ supporting student’s autonomy scale, the scale of relationship with classmates, basic psychological needs scale, academic motivation scale, school well-being scale, and academic emotions questionnaire. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, cronbach alpha and structural equation modeling. Findings of the study demonstrated that teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy parents’ supporting student’s autonomy and the relationships with the classmates had a significant and direct effect on the basic psychological needs. Furthermore, teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy through mediatory variables of the study didn’t have direct and significant effect on school well-being. However the indirect effect of parents’ supporting student’s autonomy was significant. Autonomy, relatedness, academic demotivation and class enjoyment had significant direct effect on school well-being. In addition, autonomy, competence, relatedness, academic intrinsic and extrinsic motivation had an indirect, significant effect on school well-being .Therefore, it can be concluded that basic psychological needs, motivational self-regulation and academic emotions played a mediating role between the environmental variables supporting student’s autonomy and school well-being.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of neuroticism on processing of emotional faces in adolescents. The subjects of the study (30 subjects with high neuroticism and 30 subjects with low neuroticism) were selected based on their scores in Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) and also a semi-structured clinical interview was performed. Then computerized pictorial version of modified dot-probe task was carried out on them. The data were analyzed through mixed analysis of variance. The results of this study indicated that adolescents with high neuroticism showed significant vigilance to angry emotional face while adolescents with low neuroticism showed significant avoidance from angry face. The findings of this study demonstrated that personality trait of neuroticism in adolescents can cause attention biases to emotional faces.

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The current study investigated the causal relationship between the sense of coherence (SOC) and psychological hardiness, coping strategies and mental health. 405 women from Ahvaz City, with ages ranged between 25-55 years participated in the study. Flensborg-Madsen et al.'s sense of coherence scale, Najarian et al.'s hardiness scale, Moss and Billings stress coping strategies, and Godberg's mental health scale were administered. The results of path analysis indicated that the proposed model which linked sense of coherence, psychological hardiness, coping strategies and mental health fitted the data. Direct and non-direct path coefficients of the sense of coherence and mental health were also significant. Furthermore, path coefficients of the direct effect of hardiness on emotion-centered coping strategies, SOC on emotion-centered coping strategies and emotion-centered coping strategies on mental health were also significant. Findings indicated that the SOC and psychological hardiness had a determining role in mental health. Also, causal modeling path analysis demonstrated that some variables made their relationship complicated

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According to the last edition of APA (DSM-IV-TR), the cancer has been known as a traumatic stress that can affect on Psychological and cognitive health in spouses as a caregiver and might show the signs of PTSD. Attention to this aspect is very important for treatment in cancer patients. This study examined the effect of cancer (during treatment and after treatment) on the emotional performance (anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder) and cognitive performance (autobiographical memory) on their spouses. 120 individuals in 3 groups (spouses of cancer patients (during treatment), spouses of cancer patients (after treatment) and the healthy group), that have been matched in sex age and intelligence attend to the research. The instruments of the research include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), the Persian versions of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) and the Autobiographical Memory Inventory (AMI). Results indicated that no significant difference in depression was found between all three groups but the target group (during treatment) showed more psychological distress than the control group. Both of target groups indicated no significant difference in PTSD at all and control group showed higher levels of episodic specificity, episodic memory and autobiographical memory scores than the other groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the proposed theory about interaction of emotion and cognition, especially PTSD

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Adolescence is one of the most challenging periods of human life. Personal, biological and psychological experiences cause extreme changes in this period of life. During these changes adolescences discover new and different behavioral and emotional stimuli for their adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sensation seeking, decision-making styles and risky behaviors among the adolescents in Dezful city. Descriptive- correlational method was used in this study. 450 Dezful’s high school students (16.3 and 1.08 were the average age and standard deviation respectively) were selected through multi-stage random sampling. In this study, Young’s risky behaviors scale, Zuckerman sensation seeking scale (a 40 -item scale), and questionnaire of general decision making styles were used. Analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there was significant positive relationship between the risky behavior and the total score of sensation seeking and its subscales. Also, there was significant positive relationship between the risky behavior and the intuitive and dependant decision-making styles, and there was negative relation between the risky behavior and rational decision-making style. Furthermore, the intuitive and immediate decision – making styles were positively in relationship with sensation seeking and were negatively in relationship with rational decision-making style. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the sensation seeking, decision making, gender and age together can explain 40% of the changes of risky behaviors variance.