Journal of

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, perceived social support and mental health among teachers.  Sample consisted of 447 teachers which selected by cluster random sampling. In order to collect research data from the General Health Questionnaire, general self-efficacy questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire were used. The results of path analysis showed that social support can mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and mental health among teachers. There have significiant diffrences between genders in anxiety and insomnia symptoms. There were not significiant difrences between elementary school and secondary school teachers in outcome variableres. Path analysis showed that 15% of teacher’s mental health scores was explained through the perceived social support. It could be concluded that social support had a pivotal role in teacher self efficacy and mental health. 
 

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This study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of internet abusive use questionnaire (IAUQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of the IAUQ. The target population of the study included all students in public universities in Yazd Province, Iran. Using convenience sampling, a total of 318 correctly completed questionnaires of IAUQ, Young's questionnaire for internet addiction and demographic properties  were collected. Collected data were analyzed by synchronous reliability, internal consistency, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Chronbach's alpha. Findings extracted two factors for the questionnaire. Also, Chronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent reliability were 0/91 and 0/82, respectively.  After content validation, confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate construct validity of IAUQ. Finding  showed The dual-factor structure corresponds to the proposed factors in original questionnaire. Results showed that the IAUQ  for Iranian society have optimal psychometric properties and could be used  in Iranian sample.
 

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The aim of the current research was to examine the effectiveness of group multi-components cognitive-behavior therapy on insomnia severity and quality of sleep of breast cancer patients after surgerical operation. Applying an available sampling procedure and randome assignment method for assigning group samples, a sample of 30 breast cancer patients (experimental=15, control= 15) were selected. The criteria of inclusion and exclusion were checked for and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insimnia Severity Inventory (ISI) were completed by all subject in three occasions (pre, post and follow-up stages).  The   six session’s therapy protocol were conducted on experimental group, whereas another group received only simple meeting with the therapist. Data extracted from questionnaires and analysed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Significant differences were revealed for insomnia severity in the follow up stage, and for quality of sleep in the post-test and follow-up stages, between two groups with decreased mean scores in the experimental group than contol.Multi-components Cognitive-behavioral therapy could improve insomnia severity and sleep quality of patients with breast cancer after surgery and is recommended for these patients to resolve their insomnia problems.
 

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The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between positive and negative self-reference traits and positivity components. The study was descriptive and correlational research. The Statistical population included all undergraduate and postgraduate students at Shahid Beheshti University that 187 students (82 boys and 105 girls) were selected by convenience sampling. Research tools consisted of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Snyder hope scale, life orientation questionnaire and checklist the self-reference traits. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between happiness and life expectancy with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Optimism was not associated with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Also, positive traits of self-reference were negatively associated with negative traits of self-reference. On the other hand, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that happiness and hope were predictors of positive traits of self-reference.  Also, negative traits of self-reference were predicted by hope. It seems that processing negative and positive information related to the self were influenced by happiness and positive life expectancy. Self-Reference paradigm was an appropriate approach for conducting researches in positive psychology research.
 

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The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the substance abuse prevention among employees of Iran Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare. Research design were a descriptive and survey study. The sample size was 230 employees in Iran ministry of cooperatives, labour and social welfare. Three researchers’ made questionnaires, includes 36-item reaction scale, 45-item knowledge scale and 34-item attitude scale were used for gathering data. Data were analyzed by one-sample t test, independent t test, One-way Anova,  post hoc(Scheffe) test, and Friedman test for priority setting. The findings showed that the participants' knowledge and attitude in pre-test were increased in comparison to the post-test. At the reaction level, the findings showed that the programs are desirable for the objectives, teacher, and evaluation and are approximately desirable for the content and implementation. According to participants’ perceptions, among all the courses, life skills for drug prevention, basics for drugs, and side-effects of drugs and the consequences are highly considered. Moreover, the courses should be underlining with greater quality.

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The goal of this study was to examine the role of stress, anxiety and depression and fear of pain on anticipating the movement disability in patients with spinal cord chronic pain. The sample in the research included of 53 persons (41 women, 12 men) with spinal cord chronic pain (back pain) who were approached and referred over the 3 months to a physiotherapy clinic and briefed about the research and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were completed by participants. The obtained data in the research was examined by statistical method of correlation coefficients and multiple regressions. The findings of this study shown that from the subscales of DASS, depression had the highest correlation with movement disability. Also the subscales of PASS, particularly dimension of escape/avoidance had the highest positive and significant correlation with movement disability. The findings showed that depression explained %28 and escape/avoidance explained %36 of the variance of movement disability. Although pain might be considered as a physical health problem primarily, however, psychological components including depression, anxiety, stress and fear of movement could play a crucial role at least in maintenance of pain that needs to be considered in rehabilitation interventions.

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Risk behaviors are more common in HIV-positive population than general population and are affected by various factors such as biological factors, lifestyle, family functioning and etc.. The aim of this research is to investigate how family functioning leads to risk behaviors in this population.
Methods: This research was conducted on 147 HIV-positive individuals and we used convenience sampling for data gathering. Sample size was chosen based on the questionnaire's subscales. We used Risk Behaviors Scale (RBS), FACESS, HPLP and balloon analogue risk test (BART), to assess risky decision making. The data were analyzed using Lisrel software and structural equation modeling method.
Findings: Findings suggests that there is a negative and meaningful relationship between family functioning and risk behaviors and un-direct effects were found because of two mediator factors of lifestyle and risky decision making.
Conclusion: Whatever family functioning becomes ameliorated, lifestyle improves and risky decision making declines and the possibility of risk behaviors will be reduced. Targeting family factors can be helpful to the interventions designed to reduce risk behaviors of HIV infected individuals.
 

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This research is aimed to examine reliability and validity of the questionnaire which was about individuals' viewpoints on medical help-seeking. The method used in this study was test-type standardization; therefore, a descriptive, survey-type method has been applied. The statistical population includes 1100 students majoring in Psychology, studying at Payam-e- Noor University, South Tehran Branch, in 2016. A convenience-sampling method was used in this study, and 220 students were chosen out of the population mentioned. Cronbach 's Alpha Coefficient method was applied for data analysis; test-duplication was administered to assess validity. In order to examine the questionnaire’s reliability, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and correlation coefficient were used. The amount obtained for Cronbach’s Alpha was 85%, and the amounts for re-examination and test duplication were .85 and .75respectively, thus it could be concluded that the questionnaire has an acceptable reliability. Both construct validity and concurrent validity were used to examine the questionnaire’s reliability. it can be said that the questionnaire has an appropriate validity based on variance scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the obtained factors make a significant model with their own elements and are properly acceptable. In this study, both construct and concurrent reliability were used to investigate the correlation between medical help-seeking and help-seeking behavior in general. According to the results obtained from The Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there has been a significant relationship between help-seeking and help-seeking behavior.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of logotherapy based on Rumi's thoughts with acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological well-being of the elderly. The research method was an experimental design (Pre‐test‐Post‐test Control Group Design). The population consisted of all elderly people who were 60 years old and older in Sari city in 2017, among them 66 elderly (46 women and 20 men) were selected using simple random sampling from elderly referred to centers rehabilitation of the daily welfare of elderly people in Sari city and assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. A psychological well-being questionnaire (Reef, 1989) was used to collect information. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the logotherapy based on Rumi's thoughts and acceptance and commitment therapy can increase the psychological well-being of the elderly (P<0.01). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventio. It could be argued that Rumi's thought could be enhance and flourish psychological treatment for the elderly.
 

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship cyberbullying With psychological vulnerability and suicidal thoughts in female and male students. The method of the research was correlational. The population included the Lorestan University of medical sciences students in 2016-2017. Totally, 120 subjects were selected by the random stratified sampling method. All of them completed the questionnaires included demographic information, psychological vulnerability, suicidal thoughts and cyberbullying. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and Fisher Z with Assistance SPSS-20 software. Girls haD more suicidal thoughts than boys.The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the correlation between the general score and the subjective components of cyberbullying (bullying and victimization). There is also a significant difference between the two groups in the variables of willingness to commit suicide with the victim and the desire for suicide with bullying. it could be argued that cyber harassment increase psychological vulnerability which was activated suicidal thoughts in uiniversity students. Thus, cyberbullying would be considered as a new interpersonal factor which may have a role in suicide thought among university students.
 

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The increased prevalence of obesity has serious health problems around the world and  so many variables increased possibility of overweight. This study aimed to investigate the role of irrational beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle in predicting the risk of obesity. This research had a case-control design. Population consisted of members of Iranshahr neighborhood in Tehran. Sample consisted of 100 patients and 100 healthy one which was mathch by each other. Data ware gatherd by health Irrational Beliefs Scale, multidimensional health locus of control  and health promoting lifestyle profile. The results of this study showed that a correct prediction 74.5  percent of normal-weight people and 69 percent of people with obesity classes, the model was significantly reliable (P<0/001, df= 10 and chi-square= 65/69) and in total 72 percent of the predictions were correct. Irrational health beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle are capable to predict obesity. It could be concluded that changing lifestyle and health locus of control could be one of the main mechanisem for overcoming the risk of being overweight and obesity.


 

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Body image is one of the primary elements constructing each person’s personality, which relies on the perception and feelings everyone has about their body. One of the influential factors affecting the evolution of body image is cyberspace. This study is aimed to investigate the influential factors on students’ body image as cyberspace users. The present research has applied a qualitative research approach, and has also examined the theoretical foundations. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview, through which 19 students aged from 8 to 13 were chosen as the sampling group via a three- staged codification process: open, central and selective process. Open codes included 49 concepts, and central codes were comprised of 9 categories as: the potentiality of being influenced by people, waning religious beliefs, lack of knowledge, the impact of extreme beautification (plastic surgery), the influence of publicity, cultural differences’ impact, the widespread usage of cyberspace, psychological factors and evolution of values. In the contemporary period, cyberspace has changed cultural norms about gender and body definition. If people follow the devised norms by cyberspace about body image, the developmental process of body image becomes more distorted. 

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Feelings of shame and guilt are the most important moral emotions that play an important role in the regulation of social and moral behaviors. Therefore, identifying the antecedent factors of these emotions is essential. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between the components of attachment and feelings of guilt and shame in a causal model. In this regard, the components of attachment to parents and peers were considered as independent variable and feelings of guilt and shame as dependent variable. Participants of the study included 398 (218 female and180 male) fourth year high school students of Shiraz city who were selected through multistage cluster sampling method. Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden and Greenberg) and Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (Cohen et al) were used to measure the research variables. Factor analysis was used to determine the validity of the measurement tools and their reliability was examined by Cronbach alpha coefficient.  Validity and reliability of the scales were acceptable. Results revealed that components of attachment (to parents and peers) predicted feeling of shame negatively and feeling of guilt positively. Moreover, results of diagram comparing boys and girls confirmed the moderating role of gender. Results showed that in the group of girls, in contrast to total results, attachment to peers predicted feeling of shame positively. Overall, findings provided a good evidence in support of the role of emotional relationships in the formation of moral and social emotions in children. 

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Spirituality and Practice of Religious Beliefs as related variables to psychological and physical well-being are able to explain most of positive consequences in chronic pain sufferers. The aim of this study was to determine predictor role of those variables in predicting pain experience acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. In this correlative descriptive study, 80 Rheumatoid arthritis patients were chosen by purposive non-random sampling method. They accomplished Spirituality Insight Appraisal Questionnaire, Practice of Religious Beliefs Inventory (MABAD), and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire- Revised (CPQA-R). Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression statistical tests. Spiritual ability (a spirituality component) had significant role in predicting Activity engagement (a pain acceptance component) (p<0/01). There was no relationship between practice of religious beliefs and pain acceptance considering result of this study, when Spirituality presented in behavior (spiritual ability) can play effective role in predicting pain experience acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. Spirituality only as an ideology cannot predict pain acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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Nowadays, the Internet and social networks are used extensively and sometimes pathologically. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of borderline personality traits and rejection sensitive in predicting membership in social networks. In this descriptive and correlational study, among 200 high school teachers (111 females and 89 male) of Khusfe city, South Khorasan province, 182 teachers were selected by census method and then they were asked to complete borderline personality scale, rejection sensitive questionnaire and a questionnaire on membership in social networks. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used. Results showed that rejection sensitivity and borderline personality traits had a role in predicting membership in social networks and these two variables accounted for 27% variance of membership in social networks. It seems that having borderline personality traits and rejection sensitivity in actual interpersonal relations are effective factors in a tendency to use social networks more and compulsorily.

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Aim of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of positive psychotherapy questionnaire (PPTQ) and the relationship of its components with flourishing and dysfunctional attitudes. To do so, a group of 1416 students were selected. Population of the study included all students of the universities of Mashhad city, Khorasan Province, in the academic year 2017. These subjects were selected through multistage cluster sampling method. Participants filled the questionnaires of PPTQ, FQ and DAS-24. Alpha Cronbach and confirmatory factor analysis were used for determining the reliability and validity of the questionnaire respectively. Findings demonstrated that PPTQ and flourishing questionnaire subscales were positively correlated. Internal consistency of PPTQ was 0.85. Therefore, based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that 21-item PPTQ can be reliable and valid enough in Iranian students.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural relationships of personality virtues, authentic personality and Personal Growth Initiative with wisdom acquisition in students. For this purpose, in a hypothetical structural model plan, which represented a network of direct and indirect relationships between personality virtues, authentic personality ,Personal Growth Initiative and  wisdom acquisition, 200 students (101 boys and 99 girls) of the University of Isfahan were selected by accessible sampling method. They were evaluated with Values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-72), Authenticity Scale (Wood et al., 2008) Personal Growth Initiative Scale (Robitschek, 1998), and Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (Ardelt, 2003). Structural equation modeling indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between the components of personality virtue and Character Strengths; Authentic Personality; Personal Growth Initiative ;and the amount of wisdom in students .Furthermore, the findings indicated that there was a positive relationship among the components of personality virtues, authentic personality and personal growth initiative. The findings supported the appropriateness of the hypothetical structure of the variables. In addition to practical implications, the findings provided a useful framework for identifying the components affecting the process of wisdom growth and acquisition in students.

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  The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural equation model between defense styles and self-image in university students. Among the students who studied at the Kharazmi University 154 students were randomly selected and information from the defense style questionnaire and the Beck Self Concept Test were analyzed. The conceptual model of research was fitted with data. The size of the absolute (0.76), relative (0.89), external (0.87) and internal (0.91) indexes showed the fitness of the presented model. The path coefficients indicated that neurotic and immature mechanisms are related to different dimensions of self-concept. All of the studied paths, except for the path of mature defense mechanisms in three domains of self-concept (mental, physical and occupational), are significant. Also, the positive and significant correlation between the immature and neurotic defense mechanisms with self-concept determined. The results of this study emphasize the importance of the relationship between defenders with self-concept.
 

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The aim of this study was to compare early parental death, ADHD, and precarious employment among adults with and without history of suicide attempt. It was a case control study. Its statistical population included all the individuals with history of suicide attempt who referred to public section of I ranian hospitals in Gilan province. Among these patients, 30 adults with history of suicide attempt were chosen by census method and they were compared with 30 adults without the history of suicide attempt.For collecting data, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and a researcher made questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by univariate variance test and Chi-square test. The results showed that people with history of suicide attempt, had more precarious employments and they were more suffered from ADHD than people without history of suicide attempt, but there was not any meaningful difference in the rate of early parental death between two groups. These findings showed that history of suicide attempt and ADHD are probably important risk factors in suicide attempt. So, treatment of this disorder and improvement of work status can reduce the suicide risk in future.