Journal of

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With the development of Brief Self-Control Scale most studies in this field has used it widely for the measurement of the general capacity of self-control. Discordant findings on the adaptiveness of self-control have brought about doubt concerning unidimensionality of this scale. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of BSCS in Iran. 247 Iranian university students (188 women, 53 men and 6 undefined) completed the following scales: BSCS, Rumination Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Vitality Scale, & Anxiety and Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that one-factor structure of BSCS did not fit the data well. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) proposed two-factor structure of the scale that fit the data well and performed better than one-factor structure in a new CFA. The results were discussed through considering the viewpoints concerning the two facets of self-control and they confirmed the need for reviewing the theories and research on the inhibitory and initiatory facets of self-control.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the path analysis model of relations between Alexithymia, family function, and quality of life among high school students of Tehran. The research method was descriptive from causal non-experimental type. The research population included all students of Tehran and of this population 384 subjects were selected by simple cluster sampling method. To gather the data, Alexithymia Toronto Scale, Family Functions Questionnaire, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale were used. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using mean, standard deviation, multivariate regression, and path analysis. The results showed that family function and alexithymia could predict the students’ quality of life. Likewise, good fit indices in path analysis model showed that Alexithymia had a mediator role in the relationship between family function and quality of life. Therefore, it could be concluded that family function had a main role in generating the Alexithymia in students and that Alexithymia could be an important factor in decreasing the quality of life.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in reducing the of Substance Users’ impulsivity who were under the Methadone Treatment. In a semi-experimental study, 40 methadone users of one of the addiction treatment centers in Yazd city were selected through availability sampling method and were then divided into two experimental and control group of twenty. In both groups two variables, age and economic satisfaction, were under control. In this research Barrat Impulsivity Scale was used to obtain the data. The experimental group underwent seven 90 minute sessions of motivational interviewing. Following the intervention, the two groups completed the above-mentioned scale as the post test. The post test revealed that motivational interviewing had an effect in reducing cognitive, motor impulsivity and non-planning in the subjects of the experimental group. Results of the study showed that motivational interviewing could significantly decrease cognitive, motor impulsivity and non-planning in experimental group in comparison to the control group.

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The aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy based on executive functions in improving the executive functions in students with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study was carried out in 2011-2012 academic year using pre­-­post- test design with a control group. Students of Mashhad’s Ferdowsi University who were previously diagnosed with ADHD or who were showing the symptoms of ADHD at the time of the study were invited to participate in this study. Primary diagnosis was based on the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale—IV (BAARS-IV) and final diagnosis of the disorder was done through psychiatric interview. Finally, 32 students were selected as the subjects of the study and were randomly divided into a control and an experimental group. The experimental group received EF based cognitive-behavioral group therapy. In addition to BAARS-IV all participants completed Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) at pre­-­post-test assessments. Results of MANCOVA & ANCOVA tests showed that participants in the experimental group improved their executive functions including time management, planning, organization, self-motivation, and emotional self-regulation. Results of the study demonstrated that EF based cognitive-behavioral group therapy was effective in improving the executive functions in student with ADHD. Therefore, along with other treatments this treatment can be used as a modern approach for improving the executive functions of students with ADHD.

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The present research has been conducted to study the diagnostic role of autobiographical memory, attachment and identity in the patients with the post-traumatic stress and generalized anxiety disorders. The selected samples in this causal-comparative study included 24 patients suffering from the post-traumatic stress disorder, 20 suffering from the generalized anxiety disorder and 32 normal people in similar ages and social conditions. They were tested and interviewed during two sessions after the researcher has explained them the necessary details and have got their consent. Beck’s depression inventory, Beck’s anxiety inventory, the revised event-effect scale, the attachment scale, the identity assessment scale, the autobiographical memory interview and the autobiographical memory test were used to achieve the goal of this research. The results revealed that healthy people’s performance was better than the performance of those suffering from PTSD in all the subscales of autobiographical memory in the three different periods of childhood, adulthood and the recent past and both in the semantic and episodic sections. Furthermore, the results of the autobiographical memory test indicated a reduction in PTSD suffering patients’ specific memory in comparison to the people in the normal group. Also GAD suffering people’s performance was better than that of PTSD suffering ones only in the subscale of adulthood events. The coupled comparison of the groups showed that the average secure attachment style in the healthy group was significantly higher than that of the people in the GAD group however, the average score is lower in this group than the other two patient ones in terms of insecure anxiety. The analytical-diagnostic results also showed that 69.7 percent of people in these three groups have been accurately placed in their groups.

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The present study was conducted in order to study the mediating role of financial behavior management in the relation between the personality traits and subjective well-being. Therefore, a sample consisted of 479 staffs of universities located in Gilan province have answered to the Iranian Big Five (GARDON), financial behavior management and Subjective Well-being Questionnaires, after being selected by the clustered sampling. The data was collected and analyzed by the structural equation modeling method. The results of the analysis showed that the personality traits in total explained 14% of the financial behavior management variance and the personality traits and financial behavior management explained 32% of the subjective well-being variance. Also, this study showed that, on one hand, the path coefficient of three factors of neuroticism / emotional stability, extraversion / happiness and conscience / humility were significantly associated with the subjective well-being and on the other hand, the path coefficient of three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness were significantly associated with the financial behavior management. Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the path coefficient between the financial behavior management and subjective well-being was significant, and the financial behavior management mediated the relationship between the three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness and subjective well-being. Totally, considering the results of the present study it can be concluded that probably, by financial behavior management skills training, we can increase the positive effect of personality traits on the subjective well-being and can decrease its negative effects.

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The purpose of this study was to provide a structure- oriented cross-cultural comparison of the within-group relationships between the negative life events, academic stress and subjective well-being among the Iranian and Swedish undergraduate students. On a sample consisting of 205 students (100 Iranian, 105 Swedish) the negative Event Scale, Academic Stress Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Satisfaction with Life Scale were administrated. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the multiple factors in both groups. Results of the multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the Iranian and Swedish students in terms of the structure –oriented relations of the negative life events, academic stress and subjective wellbeing. However, the results of within-group comparisons showed that among the Iranian students, in comparison to the Swedish students, the negative life events had a high ability in predicting the academic stress and the emotional and cognitive components and that the academic stress had a high ability in predicting the subjective wellbeing. Results of the present study put an emphasis on the similarity of applied features of negative life events and academic stress among the Iranian and Swedish students in predicting the subjective wellbeing.

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Organizational downsizing brings about the change of work-related demands for the remaining employees following the modification. This change can lead to the psychological tension and psychosomatic complaints among the staff. However, goal engagement control strategies can decrease these negative outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of control strategies and work-related demands on the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension. Participants of the study included 624 personnel of an industrial company who were selected randomly and then responded to the research instruments namely work-related demands, control strategies, psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension scales. Findings indicated that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychosomatic complaints and that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychological tension were negative and these relations were higher in the group with more lack of goal engagement. Also, the interaction effect was significant. So the use of goal engagement control strategies in stressful situation can decrease the negative effects of work-related demands and can buffer against the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension.

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The aim of this study is investigating the simple relationship of subjective well-being, personality and work-family conflict, and examining the mediation role of subjective well-being in relationship of these two variables through structural equation modeling. The statistical populations were workers of an Isfahanian industrial company which 217 workers were selected randomly among them. Instruments were work-family conflict questionnaire, vitality scale, life orientation test and NEO-FFI.  Results showed that relation of work-family conflict, agreeableness, conscientiousness, optimism and vitality are significant. Structural equation model also was significant and the mediation role of optimism and vitality in relation of agreeableness and conscientiousness with work-family conflict was confirmed. In fact these personality characteristics increase the level of optimism and vitality, and finally improve the psychological supply through influencing individuals' coping strategies and resource accessing. It can lead to better managing of work and family responsibilities and decreasing the conflict between these two areas.

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Psychiatric disorders exhist in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. Psychotherapy of these patients, is less considered and the goal of this study was trying to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy based on mindfulness (which includes facilitation of the experience of stressful physical diseases) on reducing of dysfunctional attitudes and distress tolerance in sample patients.
This applied study conducted on 30 chronic pulmonary patients (control and experimental group) hospitalized in Massih Daneshvari Hospital in the year 2013-2014. Just the experimental group received the psychological intervention of mindfulness based on cognitive therapy in 13 sessions of two hours. Members of both groups responded to questionnaires of demographic information, distress tolerance and dysfunctional attitudes before and after the intervention. Data analyzed by SPSS-21 statistical software and co-variance analysis.
Dysfunctional attitudes, tolerability and aversiveness, tendency to attract the attention, evaluation and potentiality of acceptance changed more in experimental group. Emotion regulation and avoidance changed more in control group.
Considering the effectiveness of mindfulness based on cognitive therapy, it is important to pay attention to psychological problems
of chronic physical patients. Medical treatment does not provide mental and physical readiness in patients to confront with such difficult situations, alone. Thus, overall attention of treatment team to patients is necessary.

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Mental adjustment to cancer is known a psychological, physical and psychological health variable in cancer patients. The present study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Mini - Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MA)in a sample of Iranian adults.The sample consisted of 320 cancer patients selected through non-random convenient sampling procedure from the hospitals and clinics in Kermanshah and Shiraz, and was conducted Mini - Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, among of them 100 was also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Statistical methods for analysing the data exploratory, discriminate validity and for internal consistency Cronbach alpha coefficients were used. Alpha coefficients for the subscales helplessness/hopelessness, 0.94, cognitive avoidance 0.76, anxious preoccupation, 0.90, Fatalism, 0.77, the fighting spirit 0.80 and the total scale as well as 0.84, respectively. Factor analysis confirmed that the five factors in the Mini-MAC. Significant correlations between subscales of Mini-MAC and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale also show that this scale has discriminate validity. The results confirm the five-factor structure of the Mini-MAC scale and also a reliable and valid scale, shows this scale has power to measure aspects of mental adjustment with cancer.

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Given the high prevalence of social anxiety and its importance in people under 18 year, The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of alexithymia mediated into the relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. In this study, 180 high school female students who were selected using Multi stage cluster sampling, formed the research sample. Participants completed a questionnaire Connor social anxiety(Spin), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and Toronto-20 Alexithymia Scale. The results showed that adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, Respectively, had positive and negative correlations with social anxiety. Alexithymia had also positively correlated with social anxiety. Results of regression analysis showed that alexithymia can be have a mediator role in relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety. According to the results, it appears that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, mediated by alexithymia, can better predict the social anxiety.

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Purpose: there are several factors which mentioned in sexual health. In overall, biological, psychological and cultural factors effect on sexual health. The aim of this study was the investigation of predictive role of biological and psychological factors with the mediator role of cultural factors in sexual health. In this regard, direct and indirect effects of these variables were investigated  to predict sexual health.

Method: the instruments of this study included ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire, Beck self-concept scale, Bem's gender schemas questionnaire, Sherer's self-efficacy questionnaire, Amz's Narcissistic personality inventory,  quality of object relations inventory,Brief Index of Sexual Functioning for Women (BISF-W), and checklist of menopause symptoms, which performed on 307 women in Tehran between 1393-1394.

Findings: results suggest that cultural factors effect directly on sexual health. In addition, biological and psychological predict sexual health in direct and indirect (with the mediator role of cultural factors) way.

Conclusion: results show that this model is acceptable for explaining sexual health in menopausal women.

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To examine the impacts of a skill training program based on neuro- dramatic plays in attachment theory framework on infant mental health, 90 pregnant mothers were selected and randomly were divided into three groups: prenatal and postnatal group (30), postnatal group (30) and control group (30). Inclusion criteria in were maternal mental health, mothers’ age (20-35), mothers’ education (diploma-Ph.D.) and being first time mother. Infant mental health was evaluated when the infants were 6-month old using ADBB and an interview based on 0-3. Of the sample, 33% of postnatal group and 40% of control group had some signs of danger in ADBB; however the prenatal and postnatal group hadn’t any symptom. The results were consistent to interviews. As predicted, educating mothers to play and response to their infants from pregnancy could be an effective intervention on their infants’ mental health. It seemed neurodramatic plays could be an appropriate and effective treatment that could be enriched parenting training manuals and early preventions interventions for infants. 

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of face to face and internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies of individuals with Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. This study employed pretest-posttest and follow-up quasi-experimental designs with two experimental groups and one control group. A convenience sample of 45 university staff and professors who theire score were higher than the cut-off score in PSQT and BDI-II questionnaire was selected by using diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 criteria for depression and insomnia. We randomly assigned 15 people in to three group. The experimental groups received 6 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The results showed that the face to face procedure was more effective in reducing putting into catastrophizing and increasing perspective- taking, refocus on planning, than internet-based one. The two experimental groups had a significant difference in rumination, “positive refocusing”, “blaming others” and “blaming self compared with the control group. Moreover, the three groups were similar in terms of “positive reappraisal” and “acceptance”. According to the findings, both procedure of treatment was effectively improved the cognitive emotion regulation strategies

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the model which investigate predictive role of emotional dysregulation (ED), intolerance of uncertainty (IU), experiential avoidance (EA) and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) in positive and negative perfectionism. Participants were 412 B.S students of Tehran university, Allameh Tabatabei and Kharazmi university.The positive and negative perfectionism, repetitive negative thinking questionnaire, disorder in emotion regulation scale, intolerance of uncertainty scale and multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire were used for gathering data. Data was analyzed by structural equations modeling. ED does not have significant relationship with positive perfectionism. But there is mediated and unmediated significant relationship between ED and negative perfectionism. IU has unmediated significant relationship with perfectionism and has mediated and unmediated significant relationship with negative perfectionism. EA has unmediated significant relationship with perfectionism and has mediated and unmediated significant relationship with negative perfectionism. ED, IU and EA were significantly predicted 12 percent of positive perfectionisms, 64 percent of negative perfectionisms and 58 percent of RNT. The results showed that positive and negative perfectionism are two different structural models. And RNT mediates the association just between negative perfectionism and some of outcome variables.
 

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The aim of the current research was to examine the effectiveness of group multi-components cognitive-behavior therapy on insomnia severity and quality of sleep of breast cancer patients after surgerical operation. Applying an available sampling procedure and randome assignment method for assigning group samples, a sample of 30 breast cancer patients (experimental=15, control= 15) were selected. The criteria of inclusion and exclusion were checked for and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insimnia Severity Inventory (ISI) were completed by all subject in three occasions (pre, post and follow-up stages).  The   six session’s therapy protocol were conducted on experimental group, whereas another group received only simple meeting with the therapist. Data extracted from questionnaires and analysed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Significant differences were revealed for insomnia severity in the follow up stage, and for quality of sleep in the post-test and follow-up stages, between two groups with decreased mean scores in the experimental group than contol.Multi-components Cognitive-behavioral therapy could improve insomnia severity and sleep quality of patients with breast cancer after surgery and is recommended for these patients to resolve their insomnia problems.
 

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The goal of this study was to examine the role of stress, anxiety and depression and fear of pain on anticipating the movement disability in patients with spinal cord chronic pain. The sample in the research included of 53 persons (41 women, 12 men) with spinal cord chronic pain (back pain) who were approached and referred over the 3 months to a physiotherapy clinic and briefed about the research and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were completed by participants. The obtained data in the research was examined by statistical method of correlation coefficients and multiple regressions. The findings of this study shown that from the subscales of DASS, depression had the highest correlation with movement disability. Also the subscales of PASS, particularly dimension of escape/avoidance had the highest positive and significant correlation with movement disability. The findings showed that depression explained %28 and escape/avoidance explained %36 of the variance of movement disability. Although pain might be considered as a physical health problem primarily, however, psychological components including depression, anxiety, stress and fear of movement could play a crucial role at least in maintenance of pain that needs to be considered in rehabilitation interventions.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of logotherapy based on Rumi's thoughts with acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological well-being of the elderly. The research method was an experimental design (Pre‐test‐Post‐test Control Group Design). The population consisted of all elderly people who were 60 years old and older in Sari city in 2017, among them 66 elderly (46 women and 20 men) were selected using simple random sampling from elderly referred to centers rehabilitation of the daily welfare of elderly people in Sari city and assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. A psychological well-being questionnaire (Reef, 1989) was used to collect information. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the logotherapy based on Rumi's thoughts and acceptance and commitment therapy can increase the psychological well-being of the elderly (P<0.01). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventio. It could be argued that Rumi's thought could be enhance and flourish psychological treatment for the elderly.
 

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Spirituality and Practice of Religious Beliefs as related variables to psychological and physical well-being are able to explain most of positive consequences in chronic pain sufferers. The aim of this study was to determine predictor role of those variables in predicting pain experience acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. In this correlative descriptive study, 80 Rheumatoid arthritis patients were chosen by purposive non-random sampling method. They accomplished Spirituality Insight Appraisal Questionnaire, Practice of Religious Beliefs Inventory (MABAD), and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire- Revised (CPQA-R). Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression statistical tests. Spiritual ability (a spirituality component) had significant role in predicting Activity engagement (a pain acceptance component) (p<0/01). There was no relationship between practice of religious beliefs and pain acceptance considering result of this study, when Spirituality presented in behavior (spiritual ability) can play effective role in predicting pain experience acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. Spirituality only as an ideology cannot predict pain acceptance in Rheumatoid arthritis patients.