Journal of

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) on physical and Mental Health Indicators in patients with essential hypertention. Subjects were first screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Therefore, 26 hypertensive patients, by using convenient sampling method were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control group (13 patients in each group). The MI group were treated in 5 sessions and while the control group did not receive any treatment. This study was a semi-experimental study with a pretest, post-test and follow-up. Results showed that there were significant differences between two groups in psychological well-being and its subscales, cognitive fusion and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. So, motivational interviewing is an effective intervention in essential hypertensive patients.

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This paper aimed pridicting role of 3 components of psychological flexibility (acceptance and action, values and cognitive defusion) for borderline personality disorder. Samples of this study involve 131 Shiraz university students selected by convenience- sampling procedure. The instruments used in this study consisted of Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+), Acceptance and Action-second revised (AAQ-II), Value-oriented life and Cognitive Defusion Questionnaire. .Results of the present study showed that borderline personality disorder meaningful corelation with acceptance and action, values and cognitive defusion. Acceptance and action explained 45% of the variance of the borderline personality disorder. It could be conclude that experiential avoidance was a robust predictor of borderline personality disorder and it should be a main theraupatic target in treatment of borderline personality disorder. 

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between severities of deafness, child’s age, social support, parents’ Demographic variable and family function    with stress and mental health among parents of children with hearing impairment. This study was a correlational study and to carry it out 180 parents were selected using availability sampling method. They completed perceived social support questionnaire, PSI index, GHQ, FAD-I scale and demographic questionnaires for parents and children. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and hierarchical regression were used. Correlation coefficients showed that the severity of deafness and child's age had positive relationship with parents’ mental health problems and stress.  Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between social support, family income and family function. Also, the correlations between problem solving, emotion expression and mental health and parental stress were significantly negative. Therefore, family function, child's characteristics, perceived social support and family income had a relationship with mental health and parental stress.

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To examine the impacts of a skill training program based on neuro- dramatic plays in attachment theory framework on infant mental health, 90 pregnant mothers were selected and randomly were divided into three groups: prenatal and postnatal group (30), postnatal group (30) and control group (30). Inclusion criteria in were maternal mental health, mothers’ age (20-35), mothers’ education (diploma-Ph.D.) and being first time mother. Infant mental health was evaluated when the infants were 6-month old using ADBB and an interview based on 0-3. Of the sample, 33% of postnatal group and 40% of control group had some signs of danger in ADBB; however the prenatal and postnatal group hadn’t any symptom. The results were consistent to interviews. As predicted, educating mothers to play and response to their infants from pregnancy could be an effective intervention on their infants’ mental health. It seemed neurodramatic plays could be an appropriate and effective treatment that could be enriched parenting training manuals and early preventions interventions for infants. 

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This research examine the relationship between death anxiety with extrinsic aspirations in two studies. First study is descriptive and correlational. 457 students were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the death anxiety scale and aspiration index. Second study conducted in an experimental method with 2 Group, Post-test Comparison. Participants were 104 students selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups and with using the task of called death thoughts and the aspiration index tested the effect of mortality salience on extrinsic aspirations among them. In the first study with using the Pearson correlation coefficient a significant positive association were observed between attractiveness with death anxiety and its subscales. The results of MANOVA in the second study showed that mortality salience decreased importance of extrinsic aspirations in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Also, the effectiveness of mortality salience on attractiveness was significant. The results in accordance with the principles of humanist and existential views and Self-Determination Theory and Terror Management Theory emphasize to awakening role of death awareness on the avoiding of pursuit of non-authentic life style (pursuit of unhealthy aspirations). 

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Resource congruent model of stress emphasized on the role of cultural schemas and also heterogeneity of coping styles. The aime of this study was to investigate factor structure of coping schema inventory (CSI) which was created based on resourch congruent model. We selected 1۰۴۶ Iranian student who speak in Persian, Kurdish, Lurish and gilaki languages by multistage cluster method. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis have been used for assessing psychometric properties. Finding showd that a six factor solution was the best fitted by the pattern in data. These six factor model explained 38% variance of coping schemas inventory. Coping schemas which was identified by factor analysis were religious, situational, passive emotional, acceptance, social support and active emotional. Internal consistency (cronbaches alpha) were calculated 0/65-0/84 for subscales of CSI.It seemed in Iranian culrure coping schemas including situational, religious, passive emotions, social support, acceptance and active emotion was more available and also more usable than other coping schema including self-restructuring, meaning, and tensition reduction. This pattern of results was consisted with predictions of resource congruent model of coping with stress. 

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 The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of the ambivalence over emotional expression questionnaire (AEQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of AEQ. A convenience sample of 521 students from three universities in Tehran in 2015-2016 was examined.  We assessed validity of the questionnaire by  construct validity (via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity. Cronbach alpha, split half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficients were used for assessing reliablity. Exploratory factor analysis of AEQ’s items showed two factors named ambivalence over expression of positive emotions and ambivalence over expression of negative emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure resulted from exploratory factor analysis which was different from the proposed factors in original questionaire. For total questionnaire and two extracted factors, Cronbach alphas were between 0.77 and 0.86, the Spearman–Brown coefficients were between 0.77 and 0.88 and the test- retest reliability coefficients were between 0.72 and 0.79. The results of this study indicated that this questionnaire have  appropriate psychometric properties among Iranian Population.

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The aim of this research was study the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between extraversion/neuroticism with mental well being. In the descriptive (corelational) study, 152 Kharazmi university students (61 male, 91 female) were randomly selected and they answered the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Also, for assessment of mental well being used the Five-item Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Results showed the positive relationship between extraversion with mental well being and mindfulness and the negative relationship between neuroticism with mental well being and mindfulness. Hierarchical regression analysis showed mindfulness have mediating role in the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Also, mindfulness is mediate role in the relationship between neuroticism and negative affect and in the relationship between neuroticism and life satisfaction

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  The aim of this study was to test the causal model of depression based on lifestyle with mediation role of social health. The study sample was consisted of all individuals over 18 years old who was selected by multistage random cluster sampling method. Based on the estimated Cochran of the sample, 383 individuals were selected. Instruments for gathering data were health promoting lifestyle questionnaire (Walker and polerrcky, 1996), Keyes social health (2004) and the Beck Depression Inventory II. The prevalence of depression have been estimated 15% in this population. There have associations between life style, social health and depression. Social health has a mediator role in the relationship between life style and depression. Findings of the path analysis also showed that nutrition, responsibility for the health, exercise and spiritual growth had significant direct and indirect effect on depression.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of computer games with different stimulating on arousal levels in 8 to 12 years old boys using SCL index and SAM test and the method of the study is quasi-experimental design. The population consisted of all boys 8 to 12 years old at region 4 Education in Tabriz (2011-2012). The sample included 15 boys whom were selected through random sampling method. The arousal levels of participants measured via Skin Conductance Level (SCL), as a physiologic index, in 6 steps including: first baseline, first intervention (Playing the computer game with low stimulating), second baseline, third baseline, second intervention (Playing the computer game with high stimulating) and fourth baseline. In order to analyze the data, repeated measure ANOVA was used.The results showed that the levels of SCL in participants remarkably increased during the interventions phases compared with baselines phases. According to the findings of the study, computer game with high stimulating rate is more effective in raising arousal level in participants than low stimulating game.

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The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and mental imagery-based relaxation on psychophysiological responses of competitive anxiety (cortisol levels) and self-confidence in elite athletes. For this purpose, 36 of elite Wushu athletes selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. In the pre-test (first competition) competitive anxiety and self-confidence as well as salivary cortisol were measured in all three groups. In experimental groups, relaxation techniques was trained for 4 weeks. Data with univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were analyzed. The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation was more effective than mental imagery-based relaxation in decreasing saliva cortisol and somatic anxiety. Also, mental imagery-based relaxation was more effective on the cognitive anxiety rather than progressive muscle relaxation. In addition, self-confidence was increased after mental imagery-based relaxation. In general, it could be concluded that different types of relaxation training was an effective strategy to reduce psychophysiological responses of competitive anxiety and improve self-confidence.

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In this study we aimed to investigate whether anodal Transcranial   direct current stimulation (tDCS) of left and right Dorsolatera prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could affect subjective negative /positive mood in healthy subjects. In a quasi-experimental study, participants (20 female, 20 male) were received three left anodal DLPFC/ Right anodal DLPFC and Sham stimulation (2mA, 20 min)  in a random order independent sessions. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was administered for assessing subjective mood, before and after treatment. Friedman Test and Mann-Whitny U were used for analysising data. Results indicated that left anodal tDCS over DLPFC diminish subjective report of negative mood. Moreover, the effects of tDCS on decreasing positive mood in men was greater than women. Active bifrontal tDCS in our population not only was not compatible with previous results in healthy population, but also it was similar to tDCS application in depressed population. Further studies with precise assessment of mood and emotion, and with applying different tDCS montages could generate complementary finding about the role of the DLPFC in subjective mood. 

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of face to face and internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies of individuals with Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. This study employed pretest-posttest and follow-up quasi-experimental designs with two experimental groups and one control group. A convenience sample of 45 university staff and professors who theire score were higher than the cut-off score in PSQT and BDI-II questionnaire was selected by using diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 criteria for depression and insomnia. We randomly assigned 15 people in to three group. The experimental groups received 6 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The results showed that the face to face procedure was more effective in reducing putting into catastrophizing and increasing perspective- taking, refocus on planning, than internet-based one. The two experimental groups had a significant difference in rumination, “positive refocusing”, “blaming others” and “blaming self compared with the control group. Moreover, the three groups were similar in terms of “positive reappraisal” and “acceptance”. According to the findings, both procedure of treatment was effectively improved the cognitive emotion regulation strategies

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, perceived social support and mental health among teachers.  Sample consisted of 447 teachers which selected by cluster random sampling. In order to collect research data from the General Health Questionnaire, general self-efficacy questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire were used. The results of path analysis showed that social support can mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and mental health among teachers. There have significiant diffrences between genders in anxiety and insomnia symptoms. There were not significiant difrences between elementary school and secondary school teachers in outcome variableres. Path analysis showed that 15% of teacher’s mental health scores was explained through the perceived social support. It could be concluded that social support had a pivotal role in teacher self efficacy and mental health. 
 

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This study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of internet abusive use questionnaire (IAUQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of the IAUQ. The target population of the study included all students in public universities in Yazd Province, Iran. Using convenience sampling, a total of 318 correctly completed questionnaires of IAUQ, Young's questionnaire for internet addiction and demographic properties  were collected. Collected data were analyzed by synchronous reliability, internal consistency, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Chronbach's alpha. Findings extracted two factors for the questionnaire. Also, Chronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent reliability were 0/91 and 0/82, respectively.  After content validation, confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate construct validity of IAUQ. Finding  showed The dual-factor structure corresponds to the proposed factors in original questionnaire. Results showed that the IAUQ  for Iranian society have optimal psychometric properties and could be used  in Iranian sample.
 

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The aim of the current research was to examine the effectiveness of group multi-components cognitive-behavior therapy on insomnia severity and quality of sleep of breast cancer patients after surgerical operation. Applying an available sampling procedure and randome assignment method for assigning group samples, a sample of 30 breast cancer patients (experimental=15, control= 15) were selected. The criteria of inclusion and exclusion were checked for and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insimnia Severity Inventory (ISI) were completed by all subject in three occasions (pre, post and follow-up stages).  The   six session’s therapy protocol were conducted on experimental group, whereas another group received only simple meeting with the therapist. Data extracted from questionnaires and analysed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Significant differences were revealed for insomnia severity in the follow up stage, and for quality of sleep in the post-test and follow-up stages, between two groups with decreased mean scores in the experimental group than contol.Multi-components Cognitive-behavioral therapy could improve insomnia severity and sleep quality of patients with breast cancer after surgery and is recommended for these patients to resolve their insomnia problems.
 

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The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between positive and negative self-reference traits and positivity components. The study was descriptive and correlational research. The Statistical population included all undergraduate and postgraduate students at Shahid Beheshti University that 187 students (82 boys and 105 girls) were selected by convenience sampling. Research tools consisted of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Snyder hope scale, life orientation questionnaire and checklist the self-reference traits. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between happiness and life expectancy with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Optimism was not associated with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Also, positive traits of self-reference were negatively associated with negative traits of self-reference. On the other hand, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that happiness and hope were predictors of positive traits of self-reference.  Also, negative traits of self-reference were predicted by hope. It seems that processing negative and positive information related to the self were influenced by happiness and positive life expectancy. Self-Reference paradigm was an appropriate approach for conducting researches in positive psychology research.
 

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The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the substance abuse prevention among employees of Iran Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare. Research design were a descriptive and survey study. The sample size was 230 employees in Iran ministry of cooperatives, labour and social welfare. Three researchers’ made questionnaires, includes 36-item reaction scale, 45-item knowledge scale and 34-item attitude scale were used for gathering data. Data were analyzed by one-sample t test, independent t test, One-way Anova,  post hoc(Scheffe) test, and Friedman test for priority setting. The findings showed that the participants' knowledge and attitude in pre-test were increased in comparison to the post-test. At the reaction level, the findings showed that the programs are desirable for the objectives, teacher, and evaluation and are approximately desirable for the content and implementation. According to participants’ perceptions, among all the courses, life skills for drug prevention, basics for drugs, and side-effects of drugs and the consequences are highly considered. Moreover, the courses should be underlining with greater quality.

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The goal of this study was to examine the role of stress, anxiety and depression and fear of pain on anticipating the movement disability in patients with spinal cord chronic pain. The sample in the research included of 53 persons (41 women, 12 men) with spinal cord chronic pain (back pain) who were approached and referred over the 3 months to a physiotherapy clinic and briefed about the research and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were completed by participants. The obtained data in the research was examined by statistical method of correlation coefficients and multiple regressions. The findings of this study shown that from the subscales of DASS, depression had the highest correlation with movement disability. Also the subscales of PASS, particularly dimension of escape/avoidance had the highest positive and significant correlation with movement disability. The findings showed that depression explained %28 and escape/avoidance explained %36 of the variance of movement disability. Although pain might be considered as a physical health problem primarily, however, psychological components including depression, anxiety, stress and fear of movement could play a crucial role at least in maintenance of pain that needs to be considered in rehabilitation interventions.

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Risk behaviors are more common in HIV-positive population than general population and are affected by various factors such as biological factors, lifestyle, family functioning and etc.. The aim of this research is to investigate how family functioning leads to risk behaviors in this population.
Methods: This research was conducted on 147 HIV-positive individuals and we used convenience sampling for data gathering. Sample size was chosen based on the questionnaire's subscales. We used Risk Behaviors Scale (RBS), FACESS, HPLP and balloon analogue risk test (BART), to assess risky decision making. The data were analyzed using Lisrel software and structural equation modeling method.
Findings: Findings suggests that there is a negative and meaningful relationship between family functioning and risk behaviors and un-direct effects were found because of two mediator factors of lifestyle and risky decision making.
Conclusion: Whatever family functioning becomes ameliorated, lifestyle improves and risky decision making declines and the possibility of risk behaviors will be reduced. Targeting family factors can be helpful to the interventions designed to reduce risk behaviors of HIV infected individuals.