Journal of

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This research was conducted to compare the self – definition of the healthy and HIV/AIDS infected bilingual (speaking Farsi and Kurdish) and monolingual (speaking just Farsi) people. Subjects of the study were 60 monolingual (Healthy and Patient) and 60 bilingual (Healthy and Patient) people who were selected through the available sampling method the variables including age, gender and were controlled by the analysis of covariance. Subjects of the study completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck depression and Anxiety Inventory ( BDAI), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised (WAIS-R) and Twenty Statements Test ( TST). The results revealed that in general self – definition was quantitatively more in healthy group and those who were bilingual the self – definition in healthy group was independent in terms of theme, and in bilingual group was dependent. Moreover, trauma- themed self- definition was more in bilingual than monolingual patients. This preference was discussed based on the personality characteristic and growth of the cognitive processes in healthy and monolingual people. Also different self- definition could be developed due to better memory in healthy and bilingual people.

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DSM-IV-TR recognized that it is possible for individuals to receive a PTSD diagnosis following experiencing life threatening illness including HIV/AIDS.  This development has raised some questions about the nature of the stressor, and psychiatric symptoms experienced such as memory performance. The current study examines PTSD symptoms and autobiographical memory performance among individuals who have experienced AIDS or HIV. Participants in this study included 30 individuals with AIDS, and were matched by sex, age, level of education, marital and socio- economic status with 30 healthy controls. Both groups were administered the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BDI), Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and Autobiographical memory Test (AMT). The results indicated high PTSD symptoms, depression and anxiety among patient group. The findings also showed that the personal semantic memory scores were lower in childhood and early adult stages among HIV/AIDS survivors comparing with normal control subjects. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of the self and processes involved in non-specific retrieval of autobiographical material

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The purpose of this study is investigating on the role of spirituality and awareness and attitude towards disease in the feeling of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 43 patients had selected of all patients with AIDS/HIV in cities of Zahedan, Iranshahr and Saravan in Sistan&Baluchestan province, by available sampling. The variables were measured by using the Spirituality Questionnaire and Scale of Experience and Perception of Suffering and Questionnaire Awareness and Attitudes towards Disease. Data were analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between physical suffering and attitudes towards disease. Psychological suffering has a negative significant relationship with spirituality and has a positive significant with attitude towards disease. Spiritual/existential suffering has a positive significant relationship with spirituality, and a negative significant relationship with attitudes towards disease. The results of stepwise regression showed that psychological suffering is predicted by attitudes towards disease. Also self-awareness and attitudes towards disease is significant predictorfor spiritual/existential suffering. According to these results, it can be deduced that spirituality and attitudes towards disease have impact on feeling of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV. Also spirituality and positive attitudes towards disease as coping styles can be used to reduce feelings of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the feeling of hostility between  prostitutes affected with AIDS(active group) , women get infected through their husbands(passive group) and the normal women. The study sample contained 90 women and of them  60 women admitted to Imam-Khomeini Hospital for AIDS. Of these 60 women, 30 of them got infected through their various sexual partners and the other 30 women got infected through their spouses. The rest of 30 women were without AIDS and like the other two groups had one children and had an educational degree ranging from dipolamo to bachelor. Redford- Williams Hostility Inventory(RWHI) was used to gather required data. To examine research hypothesis ANOVA & x2 were used. According to results, the feeling of hostility in the normal group was signifcantly less than the feeling of hostility in the active and passive groups. In addition, there was significant differences between the active and passive groups in terms of the feeling of hostility.Given the higher feeling of hosility in prostitutes and the possibility of resulting hostile acts and of not observing safe sex, it is necessary to pay more attention to these women ,support them and provide the necessary helps for them. Furthermore, an appropriate planning is needed for providing medical,cultural and pyschological services for this women and for increasing the knowledge of society

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Memory impairments are common amongst people living with HIV and have devastating effects on their life. In the present study we aimed to investigate whether prospective memory impairment play the mediator role between the CD4 level and quality of life amongst people living with HIV. A number of 161 individuals recruited for this purpose. We conducted Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), respectively, to assess prospective memory, quality of life and everyday functioning. We also used Flow Cytometry test to assess their CD4 level. We used structural equation modeling to analyze the data and Lisrel 8.8 software were used. The results showed that prospective memory impairment have a crucial effect on the quality of life and everyday functioning of people living with HIV. Future research must focus more deeply on the prospective memory impairment effects on the quality of life and everyday functioning of people living with HIV

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AIDS as a chronic dangerous disease is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to compare of looming maladaptive style, negative problem-orientation, interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing style, and rejection sensitivity in the patients with AIDS and healthy people. the method of this study was descriptive from its comparative casual types. The population was all of patients with AIDS were referred to health center in the urmia. The Sample was 40 patients with AIDS were referred to health center in the urmia and 40 healthy people were selected by available sampling method. Data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance and one-way analysis of variance. the results showed that there is significant deference between two groups in the variables of looming maladaptive style, negative problem-orientation, interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing styles and rejection sensitivity and patients with AIDS get the higher scores in these variables. it can be concluded that many psychological problems that these patients experience are in part as a result of cognitive, emotional and social factors that have been studied in this study. Then, paying attention to these factors in the etiology and treatment of psychological problems of these patients can be a useful step in the reducing of these problems and improving of mental health in the patients.