Journal of

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Development of the emotional intelligence construct in psychological literature has opened a new array of research in this field .The results of the previously conducted research showed that the emotional intelligence was correlated with several psychosocial factors, and it played a major role in interpersonal problems. The goal of the present study was investigation of the relationship between the emotional intelligence and interpersonal problems. To do so, 140 students of Semnan University were selected through random cluster sampling. Their emotional intelligence and interpersonal problems were assessed by The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (Barkham, Hardy & Startup, 1994) respectively. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between most of the emotional intelligence components and interpersonal problems. Furthermore, different emotional intelligence components predicted some aspects of interpersonal problems. In sum, the results indicated that the emotional intelligence led to the increase   of mental health and decrease of interpersonal problems and thus improved the quality of social and interpersonal relationships.

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This study examined the role of emotional ambivalence and control of mothersin anxiety of children and adolescents with cancer. The population of this study was 8 to 17 years old children and adolescents with cancer under active treatment who were in pediatric hospital (inpatient or outpatient) in Tehran. The sample is 102 children and adolescents with cancer (56 boys and 46 girls) and their mothers. Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ) and Ambivalence over Emotional Expression (AEQ) for mothers and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) for sick children were used. Data analyses revealed that children whose mothers were high in emotional ambivalence reported higher level of anxiety. But significant relation between emotional control of mothers and children’s anxiety were not found. Also, result of hierarchical regression analysis showed that mother’s emotional ambivalence and control do not account any changes in children’s anxiety. However, child’s gender modifies the relationship between mother’s emotional ambivalence and control. It seems child’s sex in the relationship between mother’s emotional ambivalence and control, and child’s anxiety, may contribute to perceived social support which can lead type of adjustment with cancer and high or low anxiety

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This study attempts to investigate the effect of emotional experiences on cardiovascular reactions and facial electromyogram (EMG) among the subjects classified as type D personality. To do so, in the first stage, according to the extreme scores in DS14 questionnaire, two groups including high type D personality and low type D personality participants (each with 15Ss) were selected among 405 female students of the Islamic Azad University. In the second stage, electrodes were put on the selected participants’ faces and hands and then the baseline measures of the variables of EMG, PULSE and BVP were first recorded and then the measures of these variables were recorded during two negative and positive emotional states caused by sad and happy music, for 150 seconds. The findings showed that the participants with high type D personality had a higher activity in the corrugator muscle in the negative emotional state and the participants with low type D personality had a higher activity in the zeugmatic muscle in the positive emotional state. There were also no significant differences between the cardiovascular reactivity in these two groups with different states. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that type D personality is an important risk factor that increases the experience of negative emotions. Furthermore, inhibition of the negative emotional expression may lead to adverse health outcomes. So, considering type D personality as a risk factor for the physical health is recommended.

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Employees expect respect from their co-workers and supervisors and guarantee of job security which is appropriate for their efforts in the workplace. Also, those with overcommitment to work need to be more supported. A set of these variables are included in the effort-reward imbalance model. The objectives of this study were to assess validity of the ERI model and its effects on fatigue, emotional exhaustion, physical health and psychosomatic complaints. To test validity of ERI model, a sample of 235 personnel of an industrial company in Isfahan, Iran, was selected. To measure predictor variables, ERI questionnaire (Zurlo, Pes & Siegrist, 2010) was used. To measure criterion variables Including fatigue, emotional exhaustion, physical health and psychosomatic complaints, fatigue scale (Chalder & et al,1993),emotional exhaustion scale(Malach,1998),Physical health scale (Hilderbrandt & et al, 1991) and psychosomatic complaints scale(Driken,1969) were used respectively.  Factor analysis of ERI scale elicit four subscale namely job security, respect, effort and overcommitment with favorable stability. The results showed that there was a positive relation between two subscales of respect and job security and criterion variables. There was also a negative relation between two subscales of effort and overcommitment and criterion variables. The results of this study can be of prime importance for the improvement of personnel’s health in the industrial environments.

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The goal of this research was an investigation into the implicit and explicit memory bias against negative emotional information processing in adolescents with high and low trait anxiety. To do so, 2 adolescent groups of twenty with high trait (n=20) and low trait (n=20) were selected from a large pole of adolescents using Spielbergr’s State-Trait Anxiety inventory for Children (STAI-C). Following the two groups were matched in terms of variables including age, sex,and education level, Explicit Memory Test(EMT) and Implicit Memory Test(IMT),completing word stems, were used to assess the subjects. The stimulants, emotional items, included two series of threatening and neutral words in EXP and a set of ambiguous words. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between high trait and low trait anxiety groups in terms of subject sensitivity and bias against threatening and neutral stimulants. However, high trait group had completed words stems more than low trait group in implicit memory test. These results indicated the presence of implicit memory bias in high trait group. Generally, the results of the present research are in accord with other researches and support the principles governing memory bias and trait anxiety. 

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Given the importance of emotional intelligence in mental health, the purpose of this study is meta-analysis of the studies which were conducted on the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health. Through meta-analysis method, this study integrates the results of various studies and then determines the effect size of the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health. To achieve this purpose, of 45 studies, 30 studies  accepted methodologically, were selected and meta-analysis was done on them. Research tool for the study was meta-analysis checklist The present study is based on 4858 participants and 32 effect sizes.The findings indicates that in general, the effect size of  emotional intelligence and mental health is 0/48. Furthermore, When emotional intelligence is evaluated as trait, it has stronger correlation with mental health(r=0/51) rather than when it is evaluated as ability(r=0/38).Therefore,according to the present study, it can be concluded that higher  emotional intelligence has correlation with better mental health.

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The current study investigates the mediating role of basic psychological needs (autonomy competence and relatedness), motivational self-regulation (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and academic demotivation) and academic excitement (class enjoyment and learning hopelessness) in the relationship between environmental factors supporting student's academic autonomy and school well-being. Through multi stage cluster sampling, 520 male and female students were selected from Karaj’s high schools. The tools used in this study included teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy scale, parents’ supporting student’s autonomy scale, the scale of relationship with classmates, basic psychological needs scale, academic motivation scale, school well-being scale, and academic emotions questionnaire. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, cronbach alpha and structural equation modeling. Findings of the study demonstrated that teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy parents’ supporting student’s autonomy and the relationships with the classmates had a significant and direct effect on the basic psychological needs. Furthermore, teacher’s supporting student’s autonomy through mediatory variables of the study didn’t have direct and significant effect on school well-being. However the indirect effect of parents’ supporting student’s autonomy was significant. Autonomy, relatedness, academic demotivation and class enjoyment had significant direct effect on school well-being. In addition, autonomy, competence, relatedness, academic intrinsic and extrinsic motivation had an indirect, significant effect on school well-being .Therefore, it can be concluded that basic psychological needs, motivational self-regulation and academic emotions played a mediating role between the environmental variables supporting student’s autonomy and school well-being.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of neuroticism on processing of emotional faces in adolescents. The subjects of the study (30 subjects with high neuroticism and 30 subjects with low neuroticism) were selected based on their scores in Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) and also a semi-structured clinical interview was performed. Then computerized pictorial version of modified dot-probe task was carried out on them. The data were analyzed through mixed analysis of variance. The results of this study indicated that adolescents with high neuroticism showed significant vigilance to angry emotional face while adolescents with low neuroticism showed significant avoidance from angry face. The findings of this study demonstrated that personality trait of neuroticism in adolescents can cause attention biases to emotional faces.

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The present research aimed to study the effect of the pleasant emotional arousal on the memory consolidation. To achieve this goal, of the students of three different universities: Tehran university, Tarbiat Modares Universities and Tehran’s Azad University (south branch), 60 undergraduate students (30 men and 30 women),who were accessible, were selected, and then they were divided accidentally into two groups (experimental and control groups). They learned a list of words and participated in a word recall test immediately after learning. Then, members of the experimental group watched positive emotional excerpts and members of the control group watched a neutral excerpt of a film. In this study, the scores of the delayed free recall and recognition tests which were carried out 30 minutes after learning the list of words, were considered the dependent variable. Independent t-test was used to analyze the revealed data. Mean score in delayed free recall and recognition tests was significantly higher (p<0/01) in experimental group compared to control group. These findings showed that emotional arousal following the learning, would consolidate the memory and this consolidation is achieved regardless of emotional or neutral nature of the stimulus of the learned materials.

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This study investigated psychometric properties of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) for measuring emotion in Iran. Data came from the undergraduate students of Tabriz University. This study was designed and carried out in two stages. Via cluster sampling, 128 students participated in the study to provide a measure of reliability of the 9 items researcher-made test in order to evaluate pleasure and arousal. In the second study, 92 students were chosen to determine the validity and reliability of SAM. Validity qualities were obtained through Pearson correlation and repeated measurements ANOVA. Reliability was evaluated by using test-retest (done at two weeks apart) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Cronbach's alpha for the researcher-made test was 0.89 and 0.83 for the pleasure and arousal dimensions, respectively. Test-retest reliability coefficient for SAM and researcher-made test was in the range of 0.55-0.78. Concurrent validity ranged from 0.56 to 0.87 and the criterion validity was acceptabl. The results of the present study demonstrated that Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) has promising validity and reliability and could be applicable to clinical practice and future researches in Iran.

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The present study examined the relationship between Self-Compassion, Self-esteem, Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness with experiencing shame and guilt after reminding the experience of fault and transgression. To do so, in a quasi-experimental design, 80 students (26 males and 54 females) of the University of Tehran filled Self-Compassion and Self-Esteem Scales and Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness subscales of the Test of Self- Conscious Affect-3. After shame and guilt induction by reminding and writing about an experience of fault and transgression, Participants reported their unpleasant emotions by the adjective-checklist of shame and guilt based on Tangney`s theory and the scale of unpleasant emotions. The Results revealed that shame-proneness was positively and self-compassion was negatively associated with the unpleasant emotions. Self-esteem was correlated negatively with the shame only and guilt-proneness showed no significant relationship with the unpleasant emotions. As hypothesized, self-compassion predicted unpleasant emotions that are beyond the shame-proneness and guilt proneness, while self-esteem wasn’t the predictor of the unpleasant emotions. The results were explained based on the different nature of self-compassion and self-esteem constructs.

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The present study investigated the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression, anxiety and stress in students through using descriptive correlational research method. To do so , throughrandom cluster sampling, 235 students(102 boys and 133 girls) of Payame Noor University with the average age of 23/31 and a standard deviation of  2/53 were selected and then completed cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21). Data was analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance and correlation matrix. Results indicated a negative relationship between depression and positive refocusing, between planning and positive reappraisal. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and all of the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (other blame, self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and acceptance). Among the components of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, there was no significant difference between male and female students, except rumination. There was also no difference between male and female students in depression, anxiety and stress. Considering the above mentioned results, it seems that cognitive emotion regulation training focused on positive refocusing, planning and positive reappraisal is very essential to enhance the physical, mental and social health of students

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The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior by considering organizational citizenship behavior directed at individual (OCBI) as a moderator variable. Population of the current research included personnel of Karoon Oil & Gas Production Company and of this population, 144 persons were selected through random stratified sampling method. Measurement tools of the study were organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire developed by Podsakoff et al (1990), Maslash Burnout Inventory (1981). Data was analyzed through hierarchical regression analysis.Findings indicated that there was significant negative relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior. OCBI moderated relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).Namely, in high OCBI there was significant negative relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior, but in low OCBI this relationship disappeared. Confronting the emotional exhaustion, the managers should support personnel, so that more resources could be invested on the performances by the personnel.

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With the development of Brief Self-Control Scale most studies in this field has used it widely for the measurement of the general capacity of self-control. Discordant findings on the adaptiveness of self-control have brought about doubt concerning unidimensionality of this scale. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of BSCS in Iran. 247 Iranian university students (188 women, 53 men and 6 undefined) completed the following scales: BSCS, Rumination Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Vitality Scale, & Anxiety and Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that one-factor structure of BSCS did not fit the data well. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) proposed two-factor structure of the scale that fit the data well and performed better than one-factor structure in a new CFA. The results were discussed through considering the viewpoints concerning the two facets of self-control and they confirmed the need for reviewing the theories and research on the inhibitory and initiatory facets of self-control.

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Aim of present study was to study the role of psychological factors and pain-related variables in the prediction of the emotional distress in MS patients. Sample of the study was consisted of 249 patients with Multiple Sclerosis visiting M.S society of Isfahan and was selected through convenience sampling. Of this sample, 12 patients were not included because they didn’t meet the inclusion criteria. Participants answered to the questionnaires of pain-related self-efficacy, ego strength and multidimensional pain inventory. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis were used. Results indicated that ego strength and pain related self-efficacy could significantly and negatively predict the emotional distress in M.S patients. Social support also predicted the emotional distress significantly and positively. Findings of present research were consistent with the results of the previous studies that demonstrated the role of self-conceptions in predicting the emotional distress. Given the positive correlation between social support and emotional distress in this study that is consistent with some studies and that is different with some other studies, it is recommended to study the relationship between perceived and real social support and emotional distress in the future studies.

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Present research studied the role of anxiety sensitivity and cognitive emotion regulation in the anxiety and depression. At first, of 300 individuals who were volunteer to participate in the study, on basis of their score on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, 41 individuals who had one standard deviation above the mean in DASS depression component were put in the depressed group, 52 individuals who had one standard deviation above the mean in DASS anxiety component were put in the anxious group, and 60 individuals who had not high scores were casually put in the normal group. Then they completedanxiety sensitivity index andshort form ofcognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise discriminant analysis. Results showed that for the classification of the individuals in each group, anxiety sensitivity, positive reappraisal, positive refocusing, catastrophication, self-blame and others blaming had significant predicting contribution. The anxiety sensitivity was the strongest predicting variable for the membership of the individuals in the groups. In sum, 59.5% of the individuals have been placed correctly in the groups. These results showed that anxiety sensitivity and cognitive emotion regulation ,as two important factors, had important role in psychopathology of depression and anxiety and so special focus should be put on them at the time of psychotherapy.

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The purpose of this study was examination of emotional problems and coping styles in children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and compared with healthy children. Fifty-five children hospitalized at Children's Hospital in the Cancer and Blood Ward and frothy-five healthy children who referred to vaccination were participated in this study. Participants were compared to each other in the “Evaluation of the Child Drawing: Hospital Manual” and “Koppitz’s Emotional Indicators” in the drawing injection picture. Results showed a significant difference between cancer and healthy children in all subscales of Evaluation of the Child Drawing: Hospital Manual. Furthermore, participants in both groups were compared in Koppitz’s Emotional Indicators. Differences between the groups in the use of black color, small paint, shaded face, body, hands and unusual images were significant. Results showed that children with Leukemia were more use of avoidance strategies while healthy children applied approaching strategies. In addition, based on Koppitz’s indicators, children with Leukemia were demonstrated more emotional problems. These findings help to health providers to design clinical interventions for children with cancer

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This study aimed at investigating the relationship between metacognitive beliefs, social anxiety and shyness considering the mediating role of emotion regulation. 700 high school students completed the Stanford Shyness and Social Anxiety questionnaires. According to the extreme scores in the scales, 110 subjects were selected as shy individuals and 46 subjects were selected as individuals with the social anxiety disorder. To distinguish the shy people with/without symptoms of social anxiety, the SPIN were performed on shy sample again and based on the extreme scores, there were 45 subjects with social anxiety symptoms and 60 subjects without social anxiety symptoms. 43 subjects in all three groups completed Emotion Regulation and Metacognitive Beliefs questionnaires. The results showed significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs, emotion regulationstrategies and social anxiety and shyness with/without symptoms of social anxiety. There was a significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and suppression in social anxiety sample and between metacognitive beliefs and cognitive reappraisal in the shy group with symptoms but there was no significant relationship in shy group without symptoms. Regression analysis showed that some components if metacognitive beliefs including negative beliefs and thought control through suppression could predict the social anxiety better and those components of positive belief and cognitive assurance through cognitive reappraisal could predict the shyness with the symptoms of social anxiety. The results showed that the metacognitive beliefs could predict the shyness without the symptoms of anxiety through the mediation of emotion regulation.

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This study aimed at investigating the effect of group emotional intelligence training on Training in junior Gifted Students’ Psychological Well-beingin the second area of Isfahan city. Research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and follow-up testing with placebo and control group. Population of this study was the students of Imam Sadiq School in Isfahan who were admitted in this school based on specific measures including IQ and an entrance exam. A sample of 45 students was selected by simple random sampling. Then these subjects were put into three groups of fifteen: experimental group, placebo group and control group. In order to measure the main variables of the model, Baron’s emotional intelligence and Ryff’s psychological well-being were used. The pre-test was performed on the three groups and then the experimental group underwent eight 90-minute sessions. Following the intervention, the post-test was performed on the three groups and 2 months later the subjects were followed up. Then the data was analyzed by the analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Results of the covariance analysis with repeated measures showed that the emotional intelligence training could have an effect on increasing the psychological well-being and its components including self- acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, meaningful life and personal growth. It seems that introduction of courses with emotional intelligence contents in schools can be effective in mental health and psychological well-being of the students.

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The aim of the present study was to test the convergence hypothesis with the emotions, the role of positive and the negative emotional experiences in moral judgment based on the moderating role of Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). First, 600 persons from Kharazmi University were tested using the Carver and White personality questionnaire and after analyzing the data, 60 of them were classified into four groups based on  the final scores of the distribution.  Then, each personality group (individually) was induced by the positive and negative emotional experiences. After the emotion induction step, they were presented with two personal and impersonal moral stories to respond. The gathered data were analyzed using the mixed variance analysis. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the four groups of subjects based on the emotional aspects in personal and impersonal moral judgment. Furthermore, emotion induction could  influence the people’s function  in personal and impersonal moral judgment based on the personality dimensions, and positive and negative emotional stimuli could lead to the non- utilitarianism judgment in personal moral stories.