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This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the theory of mind training on decreasing the aggression and on increasing the ability of the theory of mind in preschool children. The research design of the study was of type Quasi-experimental with pre-post test. 34 children (with symptoms of aggression) were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received the interventions related to the theory of mind during 9 sessions. Research tools of the study included the aggression questionnaire, developed by Vahedi et al, and the false-belief test to assess the children’s theory of mind. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. According to the findings obtained from the analysis of ANCOVA, interventions related to the theory of mind caused an increase of the ability of the theory of mind and a decrease of the aggression among the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Considering the results of the study it can be said that the theory of mind training can cause an increase of the ability of the theory of mind and a decrease of aggression. Therefore, in the parents – child context and also in the kindergartens the theory of mind training should be considered and emphasized.

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The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of short-term and long-term life skills training in decreasing the aggression among the adolescents. The sample comprised 400 male and female students studying in the high schools of Karaj, who responded to two questionnaires of Life Skills and Aggression Questionnaire and based on their mean score were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (100 male and 100 female). Subsequent to ten life skills training sessions for the experimental group, both groups were reassessed by both of the questionnaires. Covariance analysis indicated that increase of life skills decreased the level of aggression among the individuals. In order to test out the stability of the training effects, two 30-individual groups with low and high scores were selected and were tested in terms of the research variables. Results demonstrated that in the first six month, the mean of groups decreased. However, this was desirable according to the psychological statistics. It's worth mentioning that, the weak group demonstrated a greater decrease. Furthermore, in the second six month, the weak group attended five training sessions which increased their level of life skills and decreased the level of aggression to a more considerable level as compared to the strong group which resulted in lower mean by the end of the training. It can be concluded that the repetition of the training with time interval increases the level of awareness and mastery of life skills and we can evidence higher decrease of aggression and more stability of the results

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The purpose of this study was to compare the depression, aggression, and self-esteem of adolescents with high-conflict and low-conflict parents. With this purpose in mind, 230 adolescent girls who were studying in high schools of Bahar city of Hamadan province, were selected by cluster sampling method and completed following questionnaires: The Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale(CPIC), Modified Depression Scale, hostility scale of Symptom Checklist 90 ( SCL-90), and Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale. Data analyzed by multivariate analysis. The results showed that there are significant differences between adolescents with high and low conflicted parents in term of level of depression, aggression, and self-esteem. Adolescents who perceived their parents more conflicted had higher levels of depression and aggression and lower levels of self-esteem. In sum, the findings indicate that parent’s conflict resolution style has negative mental health outcomes for their children. Finally, the implications of findings are discussed.

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Objective:This study examined the psychometric properties of CRAS of Nelson & Carol (2006) in Iranian couples.. Method: The research was a descriptive-survey study.The study population was composed of married couples in Birjand city.In this study, 350 couples (700) were selected among Birjand couples using available sampling method,& CRAS of Carole & Nelson(2006),revised marital conflict questionnaire of Sanaei (2008) & marital adjustment questionnaire of Spinner (1976) were used. To analyze the data, the statistical indices of Pearson correlation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and exploratory factor analysis (using spss 23 software),& confirmatory factor analysis (using AMOS 23software) were used.Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 12-item CRAS in Iranian sample has been saturated from two factors (social Love withdrawal and social sabotage) explaining 56 percent of the scale variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that two-factor model of CRAS has good fitness with data (AGFI =0.93, NFI =0.94, RMSEA =0.06). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.85, convergent validity was obtained 0.4, and divergent validity was obtained -0.42 that all of them were significant at P≥0.01.Conclusion: In general, the results showed that CRAS of Carole & Nelson (2006) has good validity & reliability & it can be used to measure the CRA of couples.

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This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mutual behavior analysis on interpersonal reactivity, self-control, and cognitive discipline of aggressive teenagers. The research design was semi-experimental in the pre-test-post-test manner with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population was the aggressive students of second secondary school for boys in Gorgan city in the academic year 2022-2023, using the cluster method, 45 students were randomly selected in three groups of 15 (dialectical behavior therapy experiment 1, interaction behavior analysis experiment 2 and the control group) were replaced. The research tools were the interpersonal reactivity questionnaires of Davis (1983), Tanji's self-control (2004), Granofsky and Kraij's (2001) emotion regulation, and Bass Perry's aggression (1992). Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS version 22 software. The findings showed that the effectiveness of the dialectical behavior therapy group was more than the mutual behavior analysis group. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that dialectical behavior therapy by identifying the previous defective patterns of thoughts and feelings, accepting and validating emotions leads to the improvement of interpersonal reactivity, self-control and cognitive regulation of aggressive teenagers' emotions.