Volume 14, Issue 54 (Winter 2026)
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Rafie M, Riahi V, Yazdani S, Mehri F. The village as the base of the Asian mode of production. serd 2026; 14 (54) : 8
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3330-en.html
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3330-en.html
1- Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran , raha_rafie@yahoo.com
2- Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of History, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of History, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (770 Views)
Objective: With the formation of the discourse of the Asian mode of production formulated by Marx and Engels in the late 19th century, and based on geographical, social, and political components, the village was recognized as the main base and the top of the theory of the Asian mode of production. Following the placement in the process, in which the village is the validity and fundamental characteristic of the theory, relations emerged that can be interpreted collectively in a comprehensive and superior connection with rural geography. This research aims to explain the position of the village in the theory of the Asian mode of production by reviewing the theory and different interpretations of various sciences on the subject of the position of the village.
Methods: The statistical population of this study is the documentation of various sciences, especially historical studies, economic sciences, social sciences, and sometimes geographical sciences, related to the theory of the Asian mode of production. For this purpose, related studies, especially in African regions and the countries of China, Korea, Iran, and Russia, which the study of the discourse of the Asian mode of production focuses on, have been reviewed. The research method in this study is interpretive, with a review of examples and evidence adopted from the texts.
Results: By putting together about 80 exemplary witnesses, seven core and focal categories were obtained from which the village can be interpreted as the main context for the formation of the Asian production theory. An authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficiency, one-way management, and a closed social order, is also characteristic of rural societies in their Eastern (Asian) context.
Conclusions: In societies where the discourse of Asian production has been discussed, the village is first the main context for the formation of the theory of Asian production; then, in interpretations of the Asian production method, the village is known as an authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficient, with one-sided management, and with a closed social order.
Methods: The statistical population of this study is the documentation of various sciences, especially historical studies, economic sciences, social sciences, and sometimes geographical sciences, related to the theory of the Asian mode of production. For this purpose, related studies, especially in African regions and the countries of China, Korea, Iran, and Russia, which the study of the discourse of the Asian mode of production focuses on, have been reviewed. The research method in this study is interpretive, with a review of examples and evidence adopted from the texts.
Results: By putting together about 80 exemplary witnesses, seven core and focal categories were obtained from which the village can be interpreted as the main context for the formation of the Asian production theory. An authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficiency, one-way management, and a closed social order, is also characteristic of rural societies in their Eastern (Asian) context.
Conclusions: In societies where the discourse of Asian production has been discussed, the village is first the main context for the formation of the theory of Asian production; then, in interpretations of the Asian production method, the village is known as an authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficient, with one-sided management, and with a closed social order.
Article number: 8
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44. Behforuz, F. (1999). Philosophy of Methodology of Scientific Research in Geography. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (in Persian)
45. Bek Mohammadi, H. (2007). Introduction to the Historical Geography of Iran. Isfahan: Isfahan University Press. (in Persian)
46. Bhadra, B. (1980). Marx's Views on india: acritique of the Asiatic mode of prpduction, A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster university.
47. Bhattacharya, S.C. (1978). Sorne Aspects of Indian Society. Calcutta: Firma Kim Mukhopadhyay.
48. Choe, J-H. (1987). Asiatic" or "Feudal" - How to Define the Precapitalist Mode of Production in Korea?, Internationales Asienforum, 18 (1/2).
49. Christensen, A. (1988). History of Iran during the Sassanid Period. Translated by Rashid Yasemi. Tehran: Sada-e-Moser Press. (in Persian)
50. Cornin, J. (1963). The Foundations of Marxism-Leninism. Moscow. (in Persian)
51. Csaba, E. (1981). the asistic mode of production in Africa Author(s).
52. Engels, F. (1853). Letter from Engels to Marx. Correspondence between Marx and Engels on Historical Materialism, London: Communist Unity Organization Publishing House. (in Persian)
53. Fogel, J. (1988). The Debates over the Asiatic Mode of Production in Soviet Russia, China, and Japan Author(s). Source: The American Historical Review, 93(1), Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association.
54. Hamid, H. (1977). Science of Social Developments. Tehran: Simorgh Press. (in Persian)
55. Herodotus. (1977). The History of Herodotus. Translated by Vahid Mazandarani, Tehran: Iranian Academy of Literature and Art Publications. (in Persian)
56. Hobsbawm, E. (1975). Introduction. Karl Marx, Pre-Capitalist Economie Formations. New York: International Publishers. Il Pp. 1-65 in
57. Ibn Khaldun, A. Z. A. R. (1970). Introduction to Ibn Khaldun. Translated by Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Tehran: Bi Na. (in Persian)
58. Ibn Nadim, M. I. (1982). Al-Fihrist Ibn Nadim. Translated by Mohammad Reza Tajdab. Tehran: Asatir Publishing House. (in Persian)
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60. Karimi, A.A. (Bita). Knowledge. Tehran: Publications of the Islamic Philosophy Collection. (in Persian)
61. Katouzian, H. (2013). Political Economy of Iran. Tehran: Markaz Press. (in Persian)
62. Kiernan, V. G. (1974). Marxism and amprialism, studies, Istanbul Bil Gi university Library.
63. Lawrence, K. (1994). Asiatische Produktionsweise, in: W.F Haug (ed.) Historisch
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72. Marx, K. (1973). Grundrisse (Foundations of the Critique of Political Econorny). Translated by Martin Nicolaus. Hamondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
73. Marx, K. (1973). Pre-capitalist Economic Formations. Translated by Kh. Parsa, without a name. (in Persian)
74. Marx, K. (1977). A Critique of Hegel's Theory of the State. From the Collection of Early Writings. London. (in Persian)
75. Marx, K. (1981). On the Material Development of History (Two Treatises and 28 Letters of Marx and Engels). Translated by Khosrow Parsa, Other publications. (in Persian)
76. Marx, K. (1984). Grundrisse (Fundamentals of Political Economic Criticism). Translated by Baqir Parham and Ahmad Tedin, Tehran: Agha Publishing House. (in Persian)
77. Marx, K. (1984). Grundrisse (Fundamentals of Political Economic Criticism). Translated by Baqir Parham and Ahmad Tedin, Tehran: Agha Publishing House. (in Persian)
78. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1976). The German Ideology. Translated by Zubin Ghahremani, Moscow: Progress Publishing. (in Persian)
79. Montesquieu. (1991). The Spirit of the Laws. Translated by Ali Akbar Mohtadi, Tehran: Amir Kabir Publishing. (in Persian)
80. Royan, P. (Be-Ta). About Historical Materialism. Bi-Ja: Bi-Na. (in Persian)
81. Stanford, M. (1985). An Introduction to Historical Studies. Translated by Masoud Sadeghi, Organization for the Study and Compilation of Humanities Books in Universities. Tehran: Samt Publishing House. (in Persian)
82. Tabari, E. (1979). Some Studies on Worldviews and Social Movements in Iran. Tehran: Alfa Press. (in Persian)
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