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Vahid Seyfi, Sajad Khosroabadi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: To sustain rural communities and enhance their economic and social vitality, their connections with urban centers and their position within the broader national framework must be preserved. Villages should adopt localized models to ensure their resilience. Unfortunately, a comprehensive model for sustainable rural livelihoods at the national and provincial levels is lacking, often leading to a uniform approach that overlooks regional specificities. This study aims to explore the revitalization of villages and the creation of sustainable livelihoods through biomass entrepreneurship. A biomass village is defined as a region where a comprehensive biomass utilization system is established and collaboratively managed by stakeholders in the area.
Methods: This research employed the meta-combination method to analyze a total of 120 articles and related studies sourced from the CIVILICA citation index (1380–1401). After applying inclusion criteria, 63 articles were selected for in-depth analysis. The study adopts a qualitative approach within the interpretive paradigm to explore a sustainable rural livelihood model grounded in the rural ecosystem. The research is practical, focusing on actionable insights for designing sustainable rural livelihoods.
Results: Key components identified for designing a sustainable rural livelihood model include: 1. Food Security and Nutrition: Ensuring rural food security and addressing malnutrition; 2. Human Capital Development: Increasing workforce productivity through higher literacy levels; 3. Tourism and Markets: Promoting sustainable tourism development and strengthening local markets and bazaars; 4. Infrastructure Investment: Investing in rural development infrastructure to support livelihoods.
Conclusions: The study synthesized findings from prior research conducted across various rural regions in the country to develop a model for sustainable rural livelihoods. The proposed model focuses on three primary axes:
- Rural Consumption Patterns: Encouraging sustainable consumption practices within rural households.
- Rural Poverty Reduction: Addressing poverty through targeted interventions and resource allocation.
- Household Livelihoods: Enhancing the economic resilience of rural households through diversified income sources.
Amin Faal Jalali, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Purpose
This research aims to investigate the impact of utilizing smart capabilities on improving rural tourism and addressing rural challenges in the target villages of Khorasan Razavi Province.
Method
The study’s statistical population comprised 261 tourists who either traveled to the villages or used virtual platforms to plan their visits. Due to the dispersed nature of the statistical population, a snowball sampling method was employed to select the sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software, applying statistical tests. Additionally, to examine the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the development of smart tourism in the studied villages, the PLS (Partial Least Squares) model was utilized.
Results
The findings indicate that existing tourism capacities have a direct and significant impact on the development of smart tourism. Among the evaluated components, smart transportation emerged as the most influential. Key aspects of smart transportation include online and offline routing, route traffic information, interstate services, and other related benefits. Following smart transportation, communication tools were identified as the second most effective component in fostering smart tourism. These tools include email, telephone, internet sites, and participation in messaging platforms or channels.
Additionally, the smart environment was found to play a significant role in the development of smart tourism. Features of the smart environment include the availability of robust antenna networks, internet connectivity at the village level, electronic banking services, and similar infrastructural advancements.
Conclusion
The results demonstrate that the average indicators related to virtual facilities in the studied villages exceed normal values. This indicates that the villages possess the necessary infrastructural and human resources to support the development of smart tourism. Furthermore, the analysis confirms that rural smart capabilities have a measurable impact on the advancement of smart tourism in the region.
Phd Abbas Nabati, Behroz Mohammadi Yeganeh, Mahdi Cheraghi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Mining offers significant economic opportunities for farmers and rural residents in Iran, supplementing their primary occupations in agriculture and animal husbandry. Given the country’s specific territorial conditions, mining activities can contribute to sustainable development and influence various dimensions of rural life. This study investigates the effects of mining on sustainable rural development in Karani District.
Methods: This study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in method. Data collection was conducted through library research and fieldwork. The statistical population comprised 10 rural settlements in the Karani District with active mines in their surrounding areas. A total of 250 households were selected as the sample using the Cochran formula. Sustainability was assessed across three dimensions—environmental, social, and economic—using 40 indicators evaluated via a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the t-test and Mabak model, supported by SPSS and Excel software. ArcGIS was employed to generate maps.
Results: The study revealed that mining activities have positive and significant effects on the economic (average: 3.34) and social (average: 2.83) dimensions and also negative and significant effects on the environmental dimension (average: 3.22).
The Mabak model ranking of village sustainability showed top-ranked villages: Aghbolagh Taghamin (0.940), Ochgonbad Khan (0.715), and Bastandereh (0.568), and lowest-ranked village: Shahrak (-0.869).
Conclusions: Mining activities in the Karani District have led to a stable economic status, semi-sustainable social development, and unstable environmental conditions in rural areas. The sustainability ranking further indicates that, beyond proximity to mines, several factors influence village sustainability, including:
- Social awareness and the demand-driven spirit among residents.
- The performance and socio-political relations of local village managers, especially the village council and village head.
Ali Badvi, Moslem Savari, Seyed Mohammad Javad Sobhani,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: A precise understanding of adaptive capacity in rural communities allows for the implementation of strategies tailored to different climatic conditions and the capabilities of rural populations. These strategies help reduce drought-related damages and enhance livability. This study aims to identify the impact of adaptation capacity components on the livability of rural households in the face of drought.
Method: A quantitative survey approach was used to collect and analyze data. The study employed a questionnaire as its primary data collection tool, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using SmartPLS software to determine the impact of adaptive capacity factors on rural household livability under drought conditions. The target population were all rural farming households in Bavi County, Khuzestan Province and the Sample size was 347 household heads, selected using systematic sampling.
Findings: The adaptation strategy matrix identified five key drought response measures used by farmers: 1. Changing planting schedules, 2. Modifying harvest times, 3. Using savings, 4. Bartering goods, 5. Engaging in non-agricultural activities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results confirmed that five key hypotheses including knowledge, utilization level, availability of resources and inputs, access to resources, and advisory services had a positive and significant impact on rural household livability during drought conditions.
Conclusion: To enhance rural households' resilience to drought, the study recommends:
Method: A quantitative survey approach was used to collect and analyze data. The study employed a questionnaire as its primary data collection tool, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using SmartPLS software to determine the impact of adaptive capacity factors on rural household livability under drought conditions. The target population were all rural farming households in Bavi County, Khuzestan Province and the Sample size was 347 household heads, selected using systematic sampling.
Findings: The adaptation strategy matrix identified five key drought response measures used by farmers: 1. Changing planting schedules, 2. Modifying harvest times, 3. Using savings, 4. Bartering goods, 5. Engaging in non-agricultural activities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results confirmed that five key hypotheses including knowledge, utilization level, availability of resources and inputs, access to resources, and advisory services had a positive and significant impact on rural household livability during drought conditions.
Conclusion: To enhance rural households' resilience to drought, the study recommends:
- Investing in knowledge and skill development for farmers,
- Recognizing the importance of agricultural extension services in smart decision-making,
- Improving access to resources, and
- Implementing effective adaptation strategies.
Mohamad Zaheri, Hossein Karimzadeh, Nabiollah Hosseini Shahpariyan,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in job creation, wealth generation, and economic growth, serving as a key driver of community development. However, the emergence of rural entrepreneurship requires the establishment of a supportive ecosystem that fosters entrepreneurial activities. This study aims to identify the factors affecting rural entrepreneurship development through a meta-analysis approach, utilizing CMA3 software.
Method: This study analyzed all relevant research articles published in Iranian academic journals over the past 12 years. Using keyword-based searches in credible scientific databases, 13 research articles and 2 university dissertations met the inclusion criteria. The final meta-analysis incorporated 11 key factors and 343 variables.
Findings: The results indicate that out of all identified variables:
Method: This study analyzed all relevant research articles published in Iranian academic journals over the past 12 years. Using keyword-based searches in credible scientific databases, 13 research articles and 2 university dissertations met the inclusion criteria. The final meta-analysis incorporated 11 key factors and 343 variables.
Findings: The results indicate that out of all identified variables:
- 175 variables were repeated at least 50 times in different studies.
- 8 variables (16%) had a low effect size (<0.3).
- 37 variables (74%) had a moderate effect size (0.3–0.5).
- 5 variables (10%) had a high effect size (>0.5).
Among the 11 main influencing factors, 7 factors were the most frequently cited:
- Individual Factors (Competitiveness, enthusiasm, and ambiguity tolerance);
- Economic Factors (Production & marketing, access to financial support);
- Social Factors (Place attachment, NGOs, economic security);
- Environmental Factors (Access to land & water, suitable natural conditions);
- Infrastructure Factors (Physical infrastructure, business environment, market access);
- Educational Factors (Entrepreneurial training);
- Institutional Factors (Institution-building, media coverage, entrepreneurship laws).
Conclusions: The meta-analysis approach highlights that rural entrepreneurship is shaped by multiple interrelated factors. This study integrates findings from diverse research to prioritize key influencing factors based on effect size, leading to the development of a comprehensive rural entrepreneurship model.
Alireza Darbanastaneh, Phd Ebrahim Fathinia, Jahangir Yadallahi Farsi, Seyed Hosein Shahed,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify tourism patterns in the development of rural businesses in Hamadan County and propose an optimal model for the role of tourism in fostering rural economic activities.
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
- Social Factors (26.77% variance explained)
- Tourism Factors (17.95%)
- Managerial-Communication Factors (16.73%)
- Economic Factors (16.16%)
- Physical-Environmental Factors (7.21%)
Regression analysis showed that the model explains 92% of the variation, with 14 significant indicators. The most influential factors based on Beta coefficients were physical infrastructure, economic investment, and capital investment.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Maedeh Hajipou, Mehdi Hesam, Habib Mahmoodi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Economic challenges and employment issues in rural areas have led to increased attention toward innovative forms of tourism, such as agricultural tourism. In recent years, agriculture in many regions of the country has faced difficulties, but leveraging existing agricultural capacities can facilitate the development of agricultural tourism activities and attract tourists as a complementary sector to agriculture. A crucial factor in this regard is the willingness of the local community to participate in the development of this type of tourism. Therefore, the present study investigates the extent of local community willingness to engage in the development of agricultural tourism in the Siyahkalrud Rural District of Rudsar County.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Farhad Javan, Mostafa Mohammadi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The most important objective of this research analyses the paradigmatic structure of the emerging tourism enterprises in small areas of Gilan in rural settings.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari , Seyedreza Hosseini Kahnooj,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify key challenges influencing the formation of knowledge-based businesses, with a focus on their development and commercialization in rural areas using the cross-impact matrix approach and scenario planning methodology.
Methods: This study is applied in its objective and employs a qualitative survey method. The statistical sample includes 75 rural business owners and 25 experts, selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation.
Findings: Using content analysis, 54 challenges were identified and categorized into six major groups: 1. Human Resource Management, 2. Taxation and Customs Regulations, 3. Marketing and Sales, 4. Licensing and Supervision, 5. Financial Issues and Market Supply & Demand, 6. Intellectual Property System. Among these, 44 challenges were validated using the fuzzy Delphi technique. The impact of key variables was assessed through MICMAC software, and future commercialization scenarios for rural knowledge-based businesses in Iran were generated using Scenario Wizard software. Out of the 12 identified scenarios, the seventh scenario was deemed the most optimal, as all key drivers were in a favorable state. However, two scenarios: 1. Utilizing customer surveys to understand consumer preferences (E2), 2. Leveraging multiple platforms and channels for advertising (F2) remained in an intermediate position.
Conclusions: The golden scenario extracted in this research revolves around training professional, problem-solving, and creative individuals to address destabilizing risks in the commercialization of rural knowledge-based businesses.
Methods: This study is applied in its objective and employs a qualitative survey method. The statistical sample includes 75 rural business owners and 25 experts, selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation.
Findings: Using content analysis, 54 challenges were identified and categorized into six major groups: 1. Human Resource Management, 2. Taxation and Customs Regulations, 3. Marketing and Sales, 4. Licensing and Supervision, 5. Financial Issues and Market Supply & Demand, 6. Intellectual Property System. Among these, 44 challenges were validated using the fuzzy Delphi technique. The impact of key variables was assessed through MICMAC software, and future commercialization scenarios for rural knowledge-based businesses in Iran were generated using Scenario Wizard software. Out of the 12 identified scenarios, the seventh scenario was deemed the most optimal, as all key drivers were in a favorable state. However, two scenarios: 1. Utilizing customer surveys to understand consumer preferences (E2), 2. Leveraging multiple platforms and channels for advertising (F2) remained in an intermediate position.
Conclusions: The golden scenario extracted in this research revolves around training professional, problem-solving, and creative individuals to address destabilizing risks in the commercialization of rural knowledge-based businesses.
Seied Mohammad Hossein Musavipur, Vahid Riahi, Saeid Nasire Zare,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: One of the major concerns surrounding agricultural activity in Iran today is the accelerating fragmentation of agricultural lands. This phenomenon poses a serious threat to the implementation of national agricultural policies and has the potential to exacerbate existing production challenges in the sector. The issue, which began with the implementation of land reform programs and has intensified in recent years due to inheritance practices, has received limited academic attention. The present study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon in the rural areas of Savojbolagh County by examining both its legal and religious foundations.
Methods: This applied research adopts a mixed-methods approach and is philosophically grounded in pragmatism due to its methodological integration. Data collection combined documentary and field research, including seven focus group interviews (3–5 participants each) and sixteen individual interviews. The findings were analyzed using grounded theory methodology, following coding in MAXQDA software. Fourteen rural settlements were selected based on expert recommendations and criteria such as the number of agricultural stakeholders, cultivated land area, and agricultural output.
Results: According to the Holy Qur’an, land is not considered a private asset or form of wealth but rather a means for livelihood and labor. Similarly, Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian legal codes affirm that the ultimate management and ownership of land rest with the Islamic government. Nonetheless, inheritance laws and historical land reform programs have been major drivers of land fragmentation. In the rural regions studied, several local conditions have contributed to the intensification of this trend. The causal conditions include climate change and rising agricultural production costs. Intervening factors include shifts in social lifestyle, rural population growth, urbanization and informal settlement expansion, limited rural services and infrastructure, and the weak financial capacity of farmers. Contextual conditions comprise environmental and ecological features as well as the morphology and structure of agricultural land. Strategic factors include legal frameworks, the expertise and performance of local managers, the level of managerial coordination, and farmers’ awareness and knowledge. Consequences identified include agricultural productivity and profitability challenges, as well as soaring land prices.
Conclusions: To curb the ongoing fragmentation of agricultural lands, it is essential to involve experts and specialists in a coordinated effort to reform current inheritance laws and land division regulations, while also addressing the root causes that perpetuate this phenomenon.
Saadi Mohammadi, Farzad Vaisi, Kioumars Khodapanah, Zhian Danshvar,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Recognizing that resolving any problem necessitates strategic planning, this applied research was conducted in the rural border regions of Marivan County. Its primary objective is to contribute to economic diversification in these rural communities by formulating a flexible, forward-looking strategic plan aimed at attracting capital investments.
Methods: The research employed a mixed-methods approach. The theoretical component was developed using documentary analysis, while the practical component was carried out through a survey methodology, including interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. The study adopts a qualitative approach, primarily based on interviews and the Delphi method. Through collaboration with a Delphi expert panel, a strategic plan was designed to facilitate economic diversification via capital attraction and the development of micro-enterprises. The study population consisted of 24 purposefully selected individuals, including regional development officials, subject-matter experts, micro-business owners, and local managers.
Results: The analysis identified eight internal strengths versus eighteen internal weaknesses, along with six external opportunities versus nine external threats related to fostering a diversified economic environment and favorable business climate through capital attraction in the studied rural areas. The intersection of internal factor weights (3.40) with external factor weights (2.49) positioned the study area within a conservative strategic posture.
Conclusions: The results suggest that a conservative strategy is the most appropriate model for capital attraction aimed at economic diversification in the region. This approach necessitates a critical reassessment and revision of current policies, programs, and actions to address the existing suboptimal business environment. Furthermore, the long-term outlook—over a 15-year horizon—indicates that, given its capabilities and potential, the region could emerge as a leading center for cross-border trade, specialized agriculture, micro-industrial production, and rural tourism within Kurdistan Province, in competition with other counties in the region.
Mohammad Hossein Zarei Abyaneh, Mohammad Salmani, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Alireza Darban Astane, Zahra Torkashvand,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research is to spatially analyze the economic impacts of reverse migration in rural areas, focusing on Natanz County.
Methods: This study employed a survey-based research method. A sample of 381 individuals was selected from 24 villages in Natanz County using stratified sampling and Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through literature reviews, field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. For data analysis, one-sample T-tests and Kriging interpolation in ArcGIS software were used.
Results: In terms of investment, the southern half of Natanz County—especially the villages of Ooreh and Goodarzan—showed higher levels of investment, with a mean score of 3.75. For infrastructure development, the central and southern areas had the highest levels, with mean scores of 4.8 and 4.0 respectively. Regarding demand for services, the highest scores were observed in both the northern and parts of the southern villages (mean score: 4), while the eastern and western regions showed the lowest levels of development in this regard (mean score: 2.47). In terms of income generation, the southern villages had a higher average score (3.5) than their northern counterparts.
Conclusions: Given the attractiveness of certain villages in Natanz County—especially those with advantages such as proximity and easy access to urban centers, closeness to tourism hubs, suitable elevation, and moderate climate—a substantial wave of migration to these areas seems likely in the future.
Sheida Aliakbari, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Small-scale home-based businesses play a significant role in diversifying economic activities and reducing rural unemployment. In Bojnourd County, a portion of rural households generate income through sericulture. However, the number of sericulturists has declined from 570 to 294 over the past decade. This study aims to identify the driving and inhibiting factors influencing the development of sericulture-based microbusinesses in rural areas of Bojnourd.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical, applied-developmental approach was used. Data were collected through documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 160 sericulturists across 9 villages in Bojnourd was selected. The study assessed 43 indicators under 10 inhibiting components, and 23 indicators under 6 driving components.
Results: The most significant driving factor was "low startup cost" (mean: 4.14), while the main inhibiting factor was "poor-quality silkworm eggs" (mean: 4.48).
Conclusions: Policies such as guaranteed purchase and pricing, alongside distribution of high-quality, locally adapted silkworm eggs by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, could help mitigate the inhibitors and boost driving forces in sericulture.
Moslem Soleymanpor, Reza Norouzi Ajirlo,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, one of the key issues in the development of rural areas is the significant decline in population and economic challenges. Rural regeneration can lead to economic growth and increase community participation and social cohesion by promoting local businesses, attracting investment and creating jobs. . Economic survival and social entrepreneurship can facilitate this as two important influencing factors.
Methods: In this research, which is categorized as applied and descriptive correlational type research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study included villagers and village councils and rural entrepreneurship experts with experience in the field of social entrepreneurship from 124 selected villages of Bakshlochai, Turkman and Bash Qala villages in the central part of Urmia city and 180 respondents were selected using the available sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 software and structural equation modeling method (PLS SMART software) and the results were used to test the model and verify the hypotheses.
Results: The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of economic survival (economic, social and environmental factors) and rural regeneration (B=0.586) and between social entrepreneurship and rural regeneration (B=0.397) at 0.001 level of significance.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of economic survival and social entrepreneurship for the growth and development of rural regeneration, and the impact of social entrepreneurship and economic survival on rural areas can be seen in various dimensions, including job creation, social participation and sustainable development. With proper training and support to rural households, villagers' income from such investments can be significantly increased, which will lead to an increase in village regeneration indicators.
Yaser Mohammadi, Freshteh Avatefi Akmal,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In recent decades, the issue of empowering rural women has attracted significant attention from rural development planners. One of the factors that plays a crucial role in this process is the establishment and expansion of microenterprises. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the impact of creating and developing microenterprises on the empowerment of rural women.
Methods: This study employed meta-analysis as a statistical and systematic method for synthesizing the findings of previous research in the field under investigation. The statistical population consisted of accessible studies addressing the relationship between microenterprises and rural women’s empowerment, published in scientific databases (Sid, Ensani, Noormags, Magiran, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus) during the years 2000–2024. In total, 720 studies were identified, of which 30 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were analyzed using CMA2 software. Based on the results of heterogeneity tests (Q index and I² statistic), a random-effects model was selected. Furthermore, to map the research network and identify frequently occurring concepts in this domain, VOSviewer software was used. For this purpose, research keywords were searched in international databases, and the extracted data from selected articles were stored in CSV format and imported into VOSviewer. Domestic sources were searched separately, and the relevant articles were manually entered into the software. Subsequently, scientometric indicators were analyzed using this tool.
Results: The results of the thematic network analysis using VOSviewer revealed co-occurrence between rural women’s empowerment and topics such as entrepreneurship, microcredit, and income. According to Begg and Mazumdar’s correlation test, the included studies demonstrated relative symmetry, confirming the absence of publication bias in the present research. The combined effect size was calculated at 0.453, which, based on Cohen’s criteria, indicates a moderate impact of microenterprise development on the empowerment of rural women.
Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate that the establishment and expansion of microenterprises have a significant and positive effect on the empowerment of rural women. Therefore, strengthening rural women’s businesses can serve as a key driver of empowerment, a process that requires supportive systems and institutional backing.
Abootaleb Ghasemi Vasmejani , Hasan Afrakhte, Farhad Azizpour,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify the factors and components influencing the transformation of livelihood assets in tourism-oriented villages, which are shaped and altered through tourism development. The intensity, trajectory, and scope of such changes -and their effects on rural residents- depend heavily on the specific socio-economic and ecological contexts in which tourism evolves. The central concern in this process is the principle of sustainability and the improvement of the quality of life for all residents affected by tourism growth.
Methods: The research was conducted in tourism-oriented villages of Rudsar County, located in eastern Gilan Province. Employing a mixed-methods design with a deductive-inductive comparative approach, data collection included literature review, field surveys, and semi-structured interviews with local experts, officials, and practitioners. The data were analyzed using the Q methodology. Snowball sampling was employed to select participants.
Results: The results indicate that the most influential factors driving transformations in livelihood assets, ranked by significance, include: constructive interactions among key stakeholders in tourism development; tourism’s competitive advantages; government support and facilitation; cultural orientation and the development of tourism value chains; and, finally, spatial proximity and the availability of ecological–natural capacities.
Conclusions: Tourism-related drivers of livelihood asset transformation can be categorized into internal and external factors, both of which reshape the form and function of rural settlements. The more these factors contribute to enhancing public services and fostering sustainable tourism activities, the more likely they are to generate positive impacts on rural livelihoods.
Mahtab Zhian, Bijan Rezaei , Nader Naderi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of designing an indigenous model for the development of cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province.
Methods: The research adopted a qualitative approach, employing the grounded theory method to extract the model. The target population included managers and experts from the Kermanshah Province Department of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, faculty members from Razi University, and entrepreneurs active in rural cooperatives within the province. Theoretical sampling was applied, and theoretical saturation was reached after 12 in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process—open, axial, and selective coding.
Results: The three-stage coding process identified the foundations of rural entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial cohesion within rural cooperatives, and individual characteristics of rural cooperative entrepreneurs as causal conditions. Contextual conditions included the diversity of rural entrepreneurial opportunities in the cooperative sector, access to production factors, the province’s strategic location, scientific support from experts and specialists, the foundation of collective entrepreneurship (through rural cooperatives), cultural barriers, and weaknesses in the education system. Intervening conditions encompassed climate change, economic factors, environmental disorder and instability, organizational factors, communication and information dissemination factors, genuine governmental support for cooperatives, and infrastructural factors. Identified strategies included business diversification, revision of spatial planning programs, empowerment of cooperative companies, utilization of international trade opportunities, promotion and cultural awareness, and corrective-supportive strategies. The identified outcomes comprised improved quality of life for rural residents, sustainable rural development, and the presence of entrepreneurial rural cooperatives.
Conclusions: To develop cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province, it is essential to consider all factors that accelerate the development process, alongside providing the specific prerequisites for this field and implementing comprehensive planning. The results of this research strengthen the literature on rural and cooperative-based entrepreneurship and offer practical insights to assist rural managers and planners in promoting cooperative-centered rural entrepreneurship, ultimately contributing to the rural development process.
Methods: The research adopted a qualitative approach, employing the grounded theory method to extract the model. The target population included managers and experts from the Kermanshah Province Department of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, faculty members from Razi University, and entrepreneurs active in rural cooperatives within the province. Theoretical sampling was applied, and theoretical saturation was reached after 12 in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process—open, axial, and selective coding.
Results: The three-stage coding process identified the foundations of rural entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial cohesion within rural cooperatives, and individual characteristics of rural cooperative entrepreneurs as causal conditions. Contextual conditions included the diversity of rural entrepreneurial opportunities in the cooperative sector, access to production factors, the province’s strategic location, scientific support from experts and specialists, the foundation of collective entrepreneurship (through rural cooperatives), cultural barriers, and weaknesses in the education system. Intervening conditions encompassed climate change, economic factors, environmental disorder and instability, organizational factors, communication and information dissemination factors, genuine governmental support for cooperatives, and infrastructural factors. Identified strategies included business diversification, revision of spatial planning programs, empowerment of cooperative companies, utilization of international trade opportunities, promotion and cultural awareness, and corrective-supportive strategies. The identified outcomes comprised improved quality of life for rural residents, sustainable rural development, and the presence of entrepreneurial rural cooperatives.
Conclusions: To develop cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province, it is essential to consider all factors that accelerate the development process, alongside providing the specific prerequisites for this field and implementing comprehensive planning. The results of this research strengthen the literature on rural and cooperative-based entrepreneurship and offer practical insights to assist rural managers and planners in promoting cooperative-centered rural entrepreneurship, ultimately contributing to the rural development process.
Hossein Hosseinpour, Mohammadreza Rezvani, Alireza Darbanastaneh ,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The agricultural supply chain plays a crucial role in business development and food security. This study analyzes the current state of the grape supply chain, identifies its challenges at various stages, and evaluates performance differences among villages in the Kouhmareh district.
Methods: This study utilized both documentary and survey-based approaches. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS for statistical tests and ArcMap (IDW tool) for spatial distribution mapping. The statistical population comprised 793 grape producers in Kouhmareh, with a sample of 260 selected using Cochran's formula.
Results: The supply of inputs such as suitable seedlings, water, fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as planting, storage, and harvesting stages, were found to be in relatively good condition. In contrast, access to cold storage, grading, packaging, processing, advertising, branding, and marketing was deemed inadequate. Spatial analysis showed that villages in the eastern part of the district (e.g., Dosiran, Baghestan Kandei, and Baghestan Abul Hayat) had better conditions, while northern, southern, and western areas lagged behind.
Conclusions: The grape supply chain in Kouhmareh faces significant infrastructure and marketing challenges. Improving access to post-harvest facilities, processing units, and promotional mechanisms is essential to strengthen the supply chain, reduce market inefficiencies, and stabilize prices.
Firooz Nazeri, Seyed Ramin Ghafari, Amir Gandomkar, Hamid Saberi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Ecotourism supports sustainable rural development by preserving the environment and biodiversity, creating jobs, enhancing entrepreneurship, and improving local livelihoods. This study examines how ecotourism impacts entrepreneurship indicators in rural settlements of Dalkhani District, Ramsar County.
Methods: The research is descriptive–analytical and applied, using documentary and field methods (questionnaires, interviews, observations). The statistical population comprises 3,475 households in 98 rural settlements, from which 370 were selected via Cochran’s formula using systematic random sampling. Questionnaire validity was confirmed by ecotourism and entrepreneurship experts; reliability was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.949). Data were analyzed with SPSS, Smart PLS, and GIS tools, applying Spearman correlation, one-sample t-tests, and path analysis to explore causal relationships.
Results: Among ecotourism dimensions, the economic (score = 31.53) and socio-cultural (score = 27.91) indicators had the strongest correlation (0.74). The weakest link was between physical–spatial and economic indicators (0.32). All dimensions significantly affected rural entrepreneurship, with ecotourism markedly fostering entrepreneurial activities.
Conclusion: In Dalkhani, ecotourism has created jobs, increased household income through accommodation, hospitality, agricultural product sales, and handicrafts, and moderately improved local infrastructure. However, insufficient attention to sustainability risks ecological and cultural imbalances. Future rural planning should integrate sustainability to ensure long-term benefits.
Morteza Khajevand, Mousa Kamanroudi Kojouri,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study analyzes the factors attracting migrants—predominantly from rural areas—to Abhar, focusing on economic opportunities, improved living conditions, and access to suitable employment. It also examines the socio-economic and cultural impacts of migration on the city’s infrastructure and local communities.
Methods: The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach with an applied purpose. The statistical population comprises 34887 households (household heads) residing in Abhar, from which a sample of 380 households was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data, both quantitative and qualitative, were collected through library–documentary research and field methods (interviews and questionnaires) using systematic random sampling. The study covers the period from 1956 to 2021. Data analysis employed SPSS software, multiple regression analysis, and spatial data processing through Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Results: Results show that 57.63% of migrants to Abhar originated from rural areas, while 42.37% came from urban areas. The highest proportion of migrants came from within Abhar County (47.63%), and the lowest from Soltaniyeh (1.58%). Economic factors (β = 0.49) were the strongest predictors of migration, while recreational–tourism factors (β = 0.23) had the least impact.
Conclusions: The main drivers of migration to Abhar include economic opportunities, healthcare services, natural resources, infrastructure, education, and socio-cultural amenities. Migration flows are predominantly from within Abhar County, adjacent areas of Zanjan Province, and nearby counties, indicating a high concentration of development in Abhar. Given the ongoing centralization of resources and opportunities, migration is expected to continue rising, further exacerbating regional disparities. The study recommends reducing these disparities by distributing employment opportunities, services, and resources more evenly between Abhar and surrounding rural areas.
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