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Zeynab Aeeni, Khabat Nesaei, , Atefeh Ahmadi Dehrashid,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, rural digital hubs have emerged as platforms capable of fostering the long-term sustainable development of villages by leveraging digital capabilities. However, in Iran, the lack of awareness about these centers has hindered their full potential from being realized.
Methods: This study aims to identify the factors and conditions influencing the adoption of digital innovation hubs in rural areas. To achieve this, a qualitative approach was employed, specifically using the grounded theory research strategy, to develop a framework for understanding the factors affecting the adoption of rural digital hubs. The study focuses on villages in Kurdistan Province. Data were collected through interviews with academic experts, government officials, and activists from non-governmental organizations, and analyzed using MAXQDA software.
Results: The findings are presented across the five dimensions of grounded theory. The study identifies:
Methods: This study aims to identify the factors and conditions influencing the adoption of digital innovation hubs in rural areas. To achieve this, a qualitative approach was employed, specifically using the grounded theory research strategy, to develop a framework for understanding the factors affecting the adoption of rural digital hubs. The study focuses on villages in Kurdistan Province. Data were collected through interviews with academic experts, government officials, and activists from non-governmental organizations, and analyzed using MAXQDA software.
Results: The findings are presented across the five dimensions of grounded theory. The study identifies:
- Causal conditions: "Economic and socio-cultural shortcomings."
- Contextual conditions: "Infrastructure, village structural characteristics, and demographic composition."
- Intervening conditions: "Lack of policy integration, inefficient rural management, and speculative economic practices."
- Strategies: "Identification of capacities, functions of digital hub centers, and pre-training initiatives."
- Outcomes: "Cultural-social development, economic development, and enhanced political acumen."
Conclusion: By identifying the conditions influencing the adoption of these digital platforms, this study provides a foundation for designing and implementing effective policies to unlock the potential of rural digital hubs.
Arezoo Savari, Maryam Sharifzadeh, Ayatollah Karami,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the sustainability of fish propagation and breeding cooperatives, identifying the key factors influencing their sustainability. The goal was to provide solutions to enhance the effectiveness and longevity of these cooperatives.
Methods: This research was applied in nature and used a survey-based approach. A structured, researcher-made questionnaire was employed for data collection. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed through content analysis by a panel of experts, while its reliability was assessed via a pilot study, yielding a Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.59 and 0.94. The study’s statistical population consisted of 454 members from 61 active fish propagation and breeding cooperatives in the central district of Ahvaz County. Using Morgan's table, a sample of 150 cooperative members was selected via simple random sampling. To explore the challenges faced by cooperatives, content analysis was conducted, focusing on 20 members from successful cooperatives, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached.
Results: The study found that the sustainability of fish propagation and breeding cooperatives was influenced by three main stages:
Methods: This research was applied in nature and used a survey-based approach. A structured, researcher-made questionnaire was employed for data collection. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed through content analysis by a panel of experts, while its reliability was assessed via a pilot study, yielding a Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.59 and 0.94. The study’s statistical population consisted of 454 members from 61 active fish propagation and breeding cooperatives in the central district of Ahvaz County. Using Morgan's table, a sample of 150 cooperative members was selected via simple random sampling. To explore the challenges faced by cooperatives, content analysis was conducted, focusing on 20 members from successful cooperatives, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached.
Results: The study found that the sustainability of fish propagation and breeding cooperatives was influenced by three main stages:
- Feasibility and Design
- Establishment and Exploitation
- Cooperative Development
Key factors affecting sustainability in these stages included organizational identity, identical commitment, and the legal framework. The cooperatives were found to be vulnerable in several dimensions, particularly in terms of education, infrastructure, social dynamics, and economic conditions.
Conclusion: This study used a concurrent parallel design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive view of sustainability in fish breeding cooperatives. The quantitative analysis identified the primary predictors of sustainability, while the qualitative insights offered a deeper understanding of the contextual factors, such as the role of organizational identity and the emotional connections among members.
The findings highlighted the importance of education and social dynamics, revealing that sustainability extends beyond quantitative measures. This mixed-methods approach enriched the understanding of cooperative sustainability and emphasized the need for a holistic view of the factors that influence their long-term success.
Conclusion: This study used a concurrent parallel design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive view of sustainability in fish breeding cooperatives. The quantitative analysis identified the primary predictors of sustainability, while the qualitative insights offered a deeper understanding of the contextual factors, such as the role of organizational identity and the emotional connections among members.
The findings highlighted the importance of education and social dynamics, revealing that sustainability extends beyond quantitative measures. This mixed-methods approach enriched the understanding of cooperative sustainability and emphasized the need for a holistic view of the factors that influence their long-term success.
Parisa Noori Darzikolaie, Fatemeh Razzaghi Borkhani, Ali Akbar Barati, Taher Azizi Khalkheili ,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to develop a model to improve the efficiency of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in rice farming in Sari County.
Method: The research was conducted using a quantitative, survey-based approach and falls under the category of applied studies. The statistical population consisted of 25,590 rice farmers in Sari County, with a sample size of 170 farmers, determined using G-Power software. A multi-stage stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was employed. Data collection was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face and content validity were confirmed by experts. The reliability of the research tool was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of the WEF nexus.
Results: The findings indicate that the efficiency index of the WEF nexus among the studied rice farms was 0.198, reflecting very poor efficiency in rice production. Specific observations include: 70% of the studied units exhibited unsatisfactory nexus efficiency; A negative correlation was found between the amount of water and energy consumed and the nexus efficiency index; Larger-scale farms demonstrated higher nexus efficiency, while smaller farms exhibited lower efficiency levels; There was a positive correlation between the nexus efficiency index and farm size, suggesting that economies of scale positively influence efficiency.
Conclusion: The study highlights significant inefficiencies in the WEF nexus within rice farming in Mazandaran Province, specifically regarding water and energy consumption. Key conclusions include: The amount of rice produced relative to water and energy consumption is low, indicating substantial resource wastage; Optimization of water and energy use is critical to enhancing nexus efficiency without compromising crop production or food security; Tailored strategies are required to address regional differences and align cropping patterns with local climatic and weather conditions.
To improve WEF nexus efficiency, the following recommendations are proposed:
Method: The research was conducted using a quantitative, survey-based approach and falls under the category of applied studies. The statistical population consisted of 25,590 rice farmers in Sari County, with a sample size of 170 farmers, determined using G-Power software. A multi-stage stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was employed. Data collection was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face and content validity were confirmed by experts. The reliability of the research tool was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of the WEF nexus.
Results: The findings indicate that the efficiency index of the WEF nexus among the studied rice farms was 0.198, reflecting very poor efficiency in rice production. Specific observations include: 70% of the studied units exhibited unsatisfactory nexus efficiency; A negative correlation was found between the amount of water and energy consumed and the nexus efficiency index; Larger-scale farms demonstrated higher nexus efficiency, while smaller farms exhibited lower efficiency levels; There was a positive correlation between the nexus efficiency index and farm size, suggesting that economies of scale positively influence efficiency.
Conclusion: The study highlights significant inefficiencies in the WEF nexus within rice farming in Mazandaran Province, specifically regarding water and energy consumption. Key conclusions include: The amount of rice produced relative to water and energy consumption is low, indicating substantial resource wastage; Optimization of water and energy use is critical to enhancing nexus efficiency without compromising crop production or food security; Tailored strategies are required to address regional differences and align cropping patterns with local climatic and weather conditions.
To improve WEF nexus efficiency, the following recommendations are proposed:
- Agricultural Zoning: Implement zoning strategies based on regional climate and conditions to optimize cropping patterns.
- Extension-Education Programs: Develop training initiatives for farmers, focusing on efficient farm management practices.
- Demonstration Farms: Promote exemplary farms as models for best practices through demonstration sites, model farms, and farmer field schools.
These measures aim to reduce resource wastage and improve sustainability in rice production while ensuring food security in the region.
Amin Faal Jalali, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Purpose
This research aims to investigate the impact of utilizing smart capabilities on improving rural tourism and addressing rural challenges in the target villages of Khorasan Razavi Province.
Method
The study’s statistical population comprised 261 tourists who either traveled to the villages or used virtual platforms to plan their visits. Due to the dispersed nature of the statistical population, a snowball sampling method was employed to select the sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software, applying statistical tests. Additionally, to examine the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the development of smart tourism in the studied villages, the PLS (Partial Least Squares) model was utilized.
Results
The findings indicate that existing tourism capacities have a direct and significant impact on the development of smart tourism. Among the evaluated components, smart transportation emerged as the most influential. Key aspects of smart transportation include online and offline routing, route traffic information, interstate services, and other related benefits. Following smart transportation, communication tools were identified as the second most effective component in fostering smart tourism. These tools include email, telephone, internet sites, and participation in messaging platforms or channels.
Additionally, the smart environment was found to play a significant role in the development of smart tourism. Features of the smart environment include the availability of robust antenna networks, internet connectivity at the village level, electronic banking services, and similar infrastructural advancements.
Conclusion
The results demonstrate that the average indicators related to virtual facilities in the studied villages exceed normal values. This indicates that the villages possess the necessary infrastructural and human resources to support the development of smart tourism. Furthermore, the analysis confirms that rural smart capabilities have a measurable impact on the advancement of smart tourism in the region.
Phd Abbas Nabati, Behroz Mohammadi Yeganeh, Mahdi Cheraghi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Mining offers significant economic opportunities for farmers and rural residents in Iran, supplementing their primary occupations in agriculture and animal husbandry. Given the country’s specific territorial conditions, mining activities can contribute to sustainable development and influence various dimensions of rural life. This study investigates the effects of mining on sustainable rural development in Karani District.
Methods: This study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in method. Data collection was conducted through library research and fieldwork. The statistical population comprised 10 rural settlements in the Karani District with active mines in their surrounding areas. A total of 250 households were selected as the sample using the Cochran formula. Sustainability was assessed across three dimensions—environmental, social, and economic—using 40 indicators evaluated via a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the t-test and Mabak model, supported by SPSS and Excel software. ArcGIS was employed to generate maps.
Results: The study revealed that mining activities have positive and significant effects on the economic (average: 3.34) and social (average: 2.83) dimensions and also negative and significant effects on the environmental dimension (average: 3.22).
The Mabak model ranking of village sustainability showed top-ranked villages: Aghbolagh Taghamin (0.940), Ochgonbad Khan (0.715), and Bastandereh (0.568), and lowest-ranked village: Shahrak (-0.869).
Conclusions: Mining activities in the Karani District have led to a stable economic status, semi-sustainable social development, and unstable environmental conditions in rural areas. The sustainability ranking further indicates that, beyond proximity to mines, several factors influence village sustainability, including:
- Social awareness and the demand-driven spirit among residents.
- The performance and socio-political relations of local village managers, especially the village council and village head.
Mr Amirhossein Taheri, Hossein Rahimi Kolour,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: With the rise of the internet and information technology in recent decades, startups have emerged as a platform for creating new business opportunities based on innovative ideas. Since startups are closely tied to the technology sector, they have become a driving force in national economies. However, their high failure rate highlights the reality that failure is an inherent and inevitable part of the startup ecosystem. Given the limited resources and time available to startups, a single failed project can lead to the collapse of an entire business. Furthermore, the impact of global pandemics (COVID-19) and economic sanctions on Iran has caused several Iranian startups to struggle or fail. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a framework for the team resilience model of startup founders in Iran.
Method: This study is applied and exploratory in purpose and employs a qualitative approach using Grounded Theory. The research includes multiple case studies of companies such as industrial robotics firms, precision instrumentation businesses, and online appointment platforms that have successfully navigated the startup lifecycle and demonstrated resilience. The sampling process followed a snowball approach, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved after 11 interviews. Data validity was ensured through participant review, while reliability was assessed using the test-retest method. The Holsti percentage agreement method was used to determine coding consistency, achieving an 82% match.
Findings: The study identifies seven key factors influencing the success or failure of resilience in Iranian startup teams, encompassing 20 underlying concepts. These factors are categorized within a paradigmatic model as follows: - Causal Factors: Individual and team-level factors; - Contextual Factors: Political, economic, and social conditions, organizational practices, cultural influences, and collective resources; - Intervening Factors: Organizational structure, group composition, task design, expectations, and communication; - Strategies: Agile leadership (maintaining performance and well-being) and resilience learning; - Outcomes: Team-based business resilience, including behavior management, strategic planning, learning, and cultural adaptation. Additionally, the study highlights that technical expertise, specialized knowledge, and individual skills within a team significantly contribute to either success or failure. Psychological attributes such as self-confidence, risk-taking, and a learning-oriented mindset in business were also identified as crucial elements in the startup resilience model.
Conclusion: The results indicate that while startup teams experience challenges and crises, these obstacles ultimately serve as learning opportunities, fostering positive experiences that enhance preparedness and resilience adaptability for future challenges.
Method: This study is applied and exploratory in purpose and employs a qualitative approach using Grounded Theory. The research includes multiple case studies of companies such as industrial robotics firms, precision instrumentation businesses, and online appointment platforms that have successfully navigated the startup lifecycle and demonstrated resilience. The sampling process followed a snowball approach, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved after 11 interviews. Data validity was ensured through participant review, while reliability was assessed using the test-retest method. The Holsti percentage agreement method was used to determine coding consistency, achieving an 82% match.
Findings: The study identifies seven key factors influencing the success or failure of resilience in Iranian startup teams, encompassing 20 underlying concepts. These factors are categorized within a paradigmatic model as follows: - Causal Factors: Individual and team-level factors; - Contextual Factors: Political, economic, and social conditions, organizational practices, cultural influences, and collective resources; - Intervening Factors: Organizational structure, group composition, task design, expectations, and communication; - Strategies: Agile leadership (maintaining performance and well-being) and resilience learning; - Outcomes: Team-based business resilience, including behavior management, strategic planning, learning, and cultural adaptation. Additionally, the study highlights that technical expertise, specialized knowledge, and individual skills within a team significantly contribute to either success or failure. Psychological attributes such as self-confidence, risk-taking, and a learning-oriented mindset in business were also identified as crucial elements in the startup resilience model.
Conclusion: The results indicate that while startup teams experience challenges and crises, these obstacles ultimately serve as learning opportunities, fostering positive experiences that enhance preparedness and resilience adaptability for future challenges.
Mohamad Zaheri, Hossein Karimzadeh, Nabiollah Hosseini Shahpariyan,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in job creation, wealth generation, and economic growth, serving as a key driver of community development. However, the emergence of rural entrepreneurship requires the establishment of a supportive ecosystem that fosters entrepreneurial activities. This study aims to identify the factors affecting rural entrepreneurship development through a meta-analysis approach, utilizing CMA3 software.
Method: This study analyzed all relevant research articles published in Iranian academic journals over the past 12 years. Using keyword-based searches in credible scientific databases, 13 research articles and 2 university dissertations met the inclusion criteria. The final meta-analysis incorporated 11 key factors and 343 variables.
Findings: The results indicate that out of all identified variables:
Method: This study analyzed all relevant research articles published in Iranian academic journals over the past 12 years. Using keyword-based searches in credible scientific databases, 13 research articles and 2 university dissertations met the inclusion criteria. The final meta-analysis incorporated 11 key factors and 343 variables.
Findings: The results indicate that out of all identified variables:
- 175 variables were repeated at least 50 times in different studies.
- 8 variables (16%) had a low effect size (<0.3).
- 37 variables (74%) had a moderate effect size (0.3–0.5).
- 5 variables (10%) had a high effect size (>0.5).
Among the 11 main influencing factors, 7 factors were the most frequently cited:
- Individual Factors (Competitiveness, enthusiasm, and ambiguity tolerance);
- Economic Factors (Production & marketing, access to financial support);
- Social Factors (Place attachment, NGOs, economic security);
- Environmental Factors (Access to land & water, suitable natural conditions);
- Infrastructure Factors (Physical infrastructure, business environment, market access);
- Educational Factors (Entrepreneurial training);
- Institutional Factors (Institution-building, media coverage, entrepreneurship laws).
Conclusions: The meta-analysis approach highlights that rural entrepreneurship is shaped by multiple interrelated factors. This study integrates findings from diverse research to prioritize key influencing factors based on effect size, leading to the development of a comprehensive rural entrepreneurship model.
Alireza Darbanastaneh, Phd Ebrahim Fathinia, Jahangir Yadallahi Farsi, Seyed Hosein Shahed,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify tourism patterns in the development of rural businesses in Hamadan County and propose an optimal model for the role of tourism in fostering rural economic activities.
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
- Social Factors (26.77% variance explained)
- Tourism Factors (17.95%)
- Managerial-Communication Factors (16.73%)
- Economic Factors (16.16%)
- Physical-Environmental Factors (7.21%)
Regression analysis showed that the model explains 92% of the variation, with 14 significant indicators. The most influential factors based on Beta coefficients were physical infrastructure, economic investment, and capital investment.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Maedeh Hajipou, Mehdi Hesam, Habib Mahmoodi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Economic challenges and employment issues in rural areas have led to increased attention toward innovative forms of tourism, such as agricultural tourism. In recent years, agriculture in many regions of the country has faced difficulties, but leveraging existing agricultural capacities can facilitate the development of agricultural tourism activities and attract tourists as a complementary sector to agriculture. A crucial factor in this regard is the willingness of the local community to participate in the development of this type of tourism. Therefore, the present study investigates the extent of local community willingness to engage in the development of agricultural tourism in the Siyahkalrud Rural District of Rudsar County.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Farhad Javan, Mostafa Mohammadi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The most important objective of this research analyses the paradigmatic structure of the emerging tourism enterprises in small areas of Gilan in rural settings.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari , Seyedreza Hosseini Kahnooj,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify key challenges influencing the formation of knowledge-based businesses, with a focus on their development and commercialization in rural areas using the cross-impact matrix approach and scenario planning methodology.
Methods: This study is applied in its objective and employs a qualitative survey method. The statistical sample includes 75 rural business owners and 25 experts, selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation.
Findings: Using content analysis, 54 challenges were identified and categorized into six major groups: 1. Human Resource Management, 2. Taxation and Customs Regulations, 3. Marketing and Sales, 4. Licensing and Supervision, 5. Financial Issues and Market Supply & Demand, 6. Intellectual Property System. Among these, 44 challenges were validated using the fuzzy Delphi technique. The impact of key variables was assessed through MICMAC software, and future commercialization scenarios for rural knowledge-based businesses in Iran were generated using Scenario Wizard software. Out of the 12 identified scenarios, the seventh scenario was deemed the most optimal, as all key drivers were in a favorable state. However, two scenarios: 1. Utilizing customer surveys to understand consumer preferences (E2), 2. Leveraging multiple platforms and channels for advertising (F2) remained in an intermediate position.
Conclusions: The golden scenario extracted in this research revolves around training professional, problem-solving, and creative individuals to address destabilizing risks in the commercialization of rural knowledge-based businesses.
Methods: This study is applied in its objective and employs a qualitative survey method. The statistical sample includes 75 rural business owners and 25 experts, selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation.
Findings: Using content analysis, 54 challenges were identified and categorized into six major groups: 1. Human Resource Management, 2. Taxation and Customs Regulations, 3. Marketing and Sales, 4. Licensing and Supervision, 5. Financial Issues and Market Supply & Demand, 6. Intellectual Property System. Among these, 44 challenges were validated using the fuzzy Delphi technique. The impact of key variables was assessed through MICMAC software, and future commercialization scenarios for rural knowledge-based businesses in Iran were generated using Scenario Wizard software. Out of the 12 identified scenarios, the seventh scenario was deemed the most optimal, as all key drivers were in a favorable state. However, two scenarios: 1. Utilizing customer surveys to understand consumer preferences (E2), 2. Leveraging multiple platforms and channels for advertising (F2) remained in an intermediate position.
Conclusions: The golden scenario extracted in this research revolves around training professional, problem-solving, and creative individuals to address destabilizing risks in the commercialization of rural knowledge-based businesses.
Mahdi Saravani, Hossein Amiri, Mohammad Hossein Karim,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to examine price transmission dynamics and assess the extent of price transmission between wholesale and retail levels in the seafood market.
Methods: The study employs the bivariate GARCH model and the Houck model to analyze the symmetry and asymmetry of price transmission in selected seafood markets, including trout, silver pomfret, common carp, white pomfret, anchovy, croaker, cold-water fish, warm-water fish, and shrimp. The analysis is based on monthly data from 2011 to 2019.
Findings: The results indicate that the hypothesis of symmetric price transmission is only confirmed in the short term for silver pomfret and croaker, while it is rejected for other products. Conversely, in the long term, the hypothesis of asymmetric price transmission is confirmed for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker but rejected for the other seafood products. Additionally, for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker, the short-term price transmission elasticity is higher than the long-term elasticity, suggesting that price changes are fully transmitted from the wholesale to the retail level. However, for anchovy, common carp, white pomfret, and shrimp, short-term price transmission elasticity is lower than long-term elasticity, aligning with findings from the Reziti model.
Conclusion: It is recommended that relevant authorities take measures to protect both producers and consumers by supporting existing sales cooperatives. This can be achieved through proper cultural promotion, training, and providing necessary facilities to facilitate timely purchasing and direct distribution of seafood products to consumers. Such actions would not only help stabilize market prices but also create export opportunities and prevent excessive market margins and price fluctuations.
Methods: The study employs the bivariate GARCH model and the Houck model to analyze the symmetry and asymmetry of price transmission in selected seafood markets, including trout, silver pomfret, common carp, white pomfret, anchovy, croaker, cold-water fish, warm-water fish, and shrimp. The analysis is based on monthly data from 2011 to 2019.
Findings: The results indicate that the hypothesis of symmetric price transmission is only confirmed in the short term for silver pomfret and croaker, while it is rejected for other products. Conversely, in the long term, the hypothesis of asymmetric price transmission is confirmed for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker but rejected for the other seafood products. Additionally, for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker, the short-term price transmission elasticity is higher than the long-term elasticity, suggesting that price changes are fully transmitted from the wholesale to the retail level. However, for anchovy, common carp, white pomfret, and shrimp, short-term price transmission elasticity is lower than long-term elasticity, aligning with findings from the Reziti model.
Conclusion: It is recommended that relevant authorities take measures to protect both producers and consumers by supporting existing sales cooperatives. This can be achieved through proper cultural promotion, training, and providing necessary facilities to facilitate timely purchasing and direct distribution of seafood products to consumers. Such actions would not only help stabilize market prices but also create export opportunities and prevent excessive market margins and price fluctuations.
Seied Mohammad Hossein Musavipur, Vahid Riahi, Saeid Nasire Zare,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: One of the major concerns surrounding agricultural activity in Iran today is the accelerating fragmentation of agricultural lands. This phenomenon poses a serious threat to the implementation of national agricultural policies and has the potential to exacerbate existing production challenges in the sector. The issue, which began with the implementation of land reform programs and has intensified in recent years due to inheritance practices, has received limited academic attention. The present study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon in the rural areas of Savojbolagh County by examining both its legal and religious foundations.
Methods: This applied research adopts a mixed-methods approach and is philosophically grounded in pragmatism due to its methodological integration. Data collection combined documentary and field research, including seven focus group interviews (3–5 participants each) and sixteen individual interviews. The findings were analyzed using grounded theory methodology, following coding in MAXQDA software. Fourteen rural settlements were selected based on expert recommendations and criteria such as the number of agricultural stakeholders, cultivated land area, and agricultural output.
Results: According to the Holy Qur’an, land is not considered a private asset or form of wealth but rather a means for livelihood and labor. Similarly, Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian legal codes affirm that the ultimate management and ownership of land rest with the Islamic government. Nonetheless, inheritance laws and historical land reform programs have been major drivers of land fragmentation. In the rural regions studied, several local conditions have contributed to the intensification of this trend. The causal conditions include climate change and rising agricultural production costs. Intervening factors include shifts in social lifestyle, rural population growth, urbanization and informal settlement expansion, limited rural services and infrastructure, and the weak financial capacity of farmers. Contextual conditions comprise environmental and ecological features as well as the morphology and structure of agricultural land. Strategic factors include legal frameworks, the expertise and performance of local managers, the level of managerial coordination, and farmers’ awareness and knowledge. Consequences identified include agricultural productivity and profitability challenges, as well as soaring land prices.
Conclusions: To curb the ongoing fragmentation of agricultural lands, it is essential to involve experts and specialists in a coordinated effort to reform current inheritance laws and land division regulations, while also addressing the root causes that perpetuate this phenomenon.
Saadi Mohammadi, Farzad Vaisi, Kioumars Khodapanah, Zhian Danshvar,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Recognizing that resolving any problem necessitates strategic planning, this applied research was conducted in the rural border regions of Marivan County. Its primary objective is to contribute to economic diversification in these rural communities by formulating a flexible, forward-looking strategic plan aimed at attracting capital investments.
Methods: The research employed a mixed-methods approach. The theoretical component was developed using documentary analysis, while the practical component was carried out through a survey methodology, including interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. The study adopts a qualitative approach, primarily based on interviews and the Delphi method. Through collaboration with a Delphi expert panel, a strategic plan was designed to facilitate economic diversification via capital attraction and the development of micro-enterprises. The study population consisted of 24 purposefully selected individuals, including regional development officials, subject-matter experts, micro-business owners, and local managers.
Results: The analysis identified eight internal strengths versus eighteen internal weaknesses, along with six external opportunities versus nine external threats related to fostering a diversified economic environment and favorable business climate through capital attraction in the studied rural areas. The intersection of internal factor weights (3.40) with external factor weights (2.49) positioned the study area within a conservative strategic posture.
Conclusions: The results suggest that a conservative strategy is the most appropriate model for capital attraction aimed at economic diversification in the region. This approach necessitates a critical reassessment and revision of current policies, programs, and actions to address the existing suboptimal business environment. Furthermore, the long-term outlook—over a 15-year horizon—indicates that, given its capabilities and potential, the region could emerge as a leading center for cross-border trade, specialized agriculture, micro-industrial production, and rural tourism within Kurdistan Province, in competition with other counties in the region.
Mohammad Hossein Zarei Abyaneh, Mohammad Salmani, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Alireza Darban Astane, Zahra Torkashvand,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research is to spatially analyze the economic impacts of reverse migration in rural areas, focusing on Natanz County.
Methods: This study employed a survey-based research method. A sample of 381 individuals was selected from 24 villages in Natanz County using stratified sampling and Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through literature reviews, field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. For data analysis, one-sample T-tests and Kriging interpolation in ArcGIS software were used.
Results: In terms of investment, the southern half of Natanz County—especially the villages of Ooreh and Goodarzan—showed higher levels of investment, with a mean score of 3.75. For infrastructure development, the central and southern areas had the highest levels, with mean scores of 4.8 and 4.0 respectively. Regarding demand for services, the highest scores were observed in both the northern and parts of the southern villages (mean score: 4), while the eastern and western regions showed the lowest levels of development in this regard (mean score: 2.47). In terms of income generation, the southern villages had a higher average score (3.5) than their northern counterparts.
Conclusions: Given the attractiveness of certain villages in Natanz County—especially those with advantages such as proximity and easy access to urban centers, closeness to tourism hubs, suitable elevation, and moderate climate—a substantial wave of migration to these areas seems likely in the future.
Ali Izadi, Sadegh Asghari Lafamjani,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The physical texture of rural settlements can change over time and according to different conditions. This change is the result of interaction and mutual relationship with environmental, economic and social factors and effects. In this regard, the economy of rural households plays a significant role in the change. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of saffron income generation on the change in the physical-spatial texture of Fath Abad village in Rashtkhwar County.
Methods: In this research, the role of saffron in generating income in 355 saffron-growing households living in FathAbad village was investigated. For this purpose, first, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of indicators were determined in accordance with the conditions of the village under study. Then, data collection was carried out based on selected indicators using field observation forms and village and household questionnaires. Also, statistical analyses and SPSS software were used to analyze the data.
Results: The research findings confirm that there is a significant relationship between saffron income generation and housing and construction development in the study area. The correlation coefficient between saffron cultivation area and housing and construction development is 0.591, which, considering the resulting values, can be said with a confidence level of 99% that there is a direct and significant relationship between these two variables with a medium correlation.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that the greater the area under saffron cultivation, the greater the saffron production and, as a result, the higher the level of income generation, which ultimately leads to improved housing and construction development in the study area.
Sheida Aliakbari, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Small-scale home-based businesses play a significant role in diversifying economic activities and reducing rural unemployment. In Bojnourd County, a portion of rural households generate income through sericulture. However, the number of sericulturists has declined from 570 to 294 over the past decade. This study aims to identify the driving and inhibiting factors influencing the development of sericulture-based microbusinesses in rural areas of Bojnourd.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical, applied-developmental approach was used. Data were collected through documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 160 sericulturists across 9 villages in Bojnourd was selected. The study assessed 43 indicators under 10 inhibiting components, and 23 indicators under 6 driving components.
Results: The most significant driving factor was "low startup cost" (mean: 4.14), while the main inhibiting factor was "poor-quality silkworm eggs" (mean: 4.48).
Conclusions: Policies such as guaranteed purchase and pricing, alongside distribution of high-quality, locally adapted silkworm eggs by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, could help mitigate the inhibitors and boost driving forces in sericulture.
Mohsen Aghayari Hir, Sadra Karimzadeh, Afshin Yeganeh,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to model the factors affecting the sustainability of economic development in the villages of Malekan County.
Methods: The statistical population included experts, specialists, and rural households in the County. In the first stage, 28 professionals evaluated 56 research propositions based on their importance. In the second stage, 481 people from selected villages responded to 41 items related to rural economic sustainability. The data were analyzed using Q-factor analysis in SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SMART PLS software.
Results: The results of the measurement model indicated that the factor loadings of the observed variables were significant and effectively measured their corresponding latent variables. The structural model results revealed that the "economic stability of Malekan County’s villages" had a high predictive power, with an index value exceeding the standard threshold of 0.35, indicating a "strong" effect. Other factors namely, "vulnerability, productivity and economic diversity," "employment and economic infrastructure," and "access to economic and production resources" each scored above 0.15, showing a "moderate" predictive impact on the model's endogenous latent variables.
Conclusions: The findings identified three core factors influencing the sustainability of rural economic development: 1. vulnerability, productivity, and economic diversity (sustainability and economic welfare); 2. employment and economic infrastructure (justice and economic welfare); and 3. access to economic and production resources (economic welfare). Final comparisons and validation between qualitative and quantitative approaches confirmed that the first factor economic vulnerability (productivity and diversity) was the most influential, with consensus from both experts and local community members.
Moslem Soleymanpor, Reza Norouzi Ajirlo,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, one of the key issues in the development of rural areas is the significant decline in population and economic challenges. Rural regeneration can lead to economic growth and increase community participation and social cohesion by promoting local businesses, attracting investment and creating jobs. . Economic survival and social entrepreneurship can facilitate this as two important influencing factors.
Methods: In this research, which is categorized as applied and descriptive correlational type research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study included villagers and village councils and rural entrepreneurship experts with experience in the field of social entrepreneurship from 124 selected villages of Bakshlochai, Turkman and Bash Qala villages in the central part of Urmia city and 180 respondents were selected using the available sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 software and structural equation modeling method (PLS SMART software) and the results were used to test the model and verify the hypotheses.
Results: The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of economic survival (economic, social and environmental factors) and rural regeneration (B=0.586) and between social entrepreneurship and rural regeneration (B=0.397) at 0.001 level of significance.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of economic survival and social entrepreneurship for the growth and development of rural regeneration, and the impact of social entrepreneurship and economic survival on rural areas can be seen in various dimensions, including job creation, social participation and sustainable development. With proper training and support to rural households, villagers' income from such investments can be significantly increased, which will lead to an increase in village regeneration indicators.
Alireza Jafari, Hemmatollah Pirdashti, Fatemeh Razzaghi Borkhani, Zahra Saber,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In the context of rural and agricultural development, designing an environmentally sustainable system with economic and social justification and a future-oriented perspective is essential. This study aims to develop integrated crop management (ICM) strategies for rice farms in Mazandaran Province.
Methods: Using theoretical foundations and analytical studies, the four SWOT components—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—were identified. The statistical population consisted of specialists and experts with academic backgrounds and practical experience in sustainable rice cultivation and agricultural extension (18 individuals), along with managers from relevant organizations such as the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Mazandaran Province (20 individuals), selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using the SWOT technique in Microsoft Excel.
Results: The internal and external evaluations reveal that the system's strengths and opportunities outweigh its weaknesses and threats. The weighted scores indicate the predominance of favorable over risky conditions. The strategic priority lies in the SO (Strength-Opportunity) or "maximum-maximum" area (approximately 36%). Following this are the WO (Weakness-Opportunity), ST (Strength-Threat), and WT (Weakness-Threat) strategies, accounting for approximately 25%, 23%, and 16% of the total strategies, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on the strategic analysis, key strategies for ICM development include enhancing farmer empowerment and participation through the FFS/IPM approach, managing production risks via insurance, establishing healthy crop production cooperatives, and implementing collective branding within the rice value chain. Emphasizing collaboration among key stakeholders is vital. The implementation of these strategies can significantly contribute to the adoption of ICM and the advancement of sustainable agricultural development.
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