Economy

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Objective: With the formation of the discourse of the Asian mode of production formulated by Marx and Engels in the late 19th century, and based on geographical, social, and political components, the village was recognized as the main base and the top of the theory of the Asian mode of production. Following the placement in the process, in which the village is the validity and fundamental characteristic of the theory, relations emerged that can be interpreted collectively in a comprehensive and superior connection with rural geography. This research aims to explain the position of the village in the theory of the Asian mode of production by reviewing the theory and different interpretations of various sciences on the subject of the position of the village.
Methods: The statistical population of this study is the documentation of various sciences, especially historical studies, economic sciences, social sciences, and sometimes geographical sciences, related to the theory of the Asian mode of production. For this purpose, related studies, especially in African regions and the countries of China, Korea, Iran, and Russia, which the study of the discourse of the Asian mode of production focuses on, have been reviewed. The research method in this study is interpretive, with a review of examples and evidence adopted from the texts.
Results: By putting together about 80 exemplary witnesses, seven core and focal categories were obtained from which the village can be interpreted as the main context for the formation of the Asian production theory. An authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficiency, one-way management, and a closed social order, is also characteristic of rural societies in their Eastern (Asian) context.
Conclusions: In societies where the discourse of Asian production has been discussed, the village is first the main context for the formation of the theory of Asian production; then, in interpretations of the Asian production method, the village is known as an authoritarian society, influenced by centralized power, dominated by a subsistence economy, self-sufficient, with one-sided management, and with a closed social order.

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Objective: The effects of tourism, especially in rural areas, vary by spatial location. In fact, if tourism activities are to be accepted as an approach for sustainable economic development in rural areas, it is necessary to examine the distribution of their benefits and make the necessary plans for their equitable distribution. The present study, while addressing this issue, examines the economic effects of gastronomic tourism "Kebab Bonab" as a geographical phenomenon in rural areas of Bonab County.
Methods: The present study is of an applied type and quantitative in nature that uses the survey method. The problem, background, and theoretical framework were examined through field observations and a library study. Data related to the economic effects of gastronomic tourism were collected by determining indicators and completing a questionnaire by 242 villagers, and analyzed using one-sample t-test, cluster analysis, spatial autocorrelation, and weighted geographic regression.
Results: The tourist attraction of "Bonab Kebab" has led to the development of employment, marketing, and sales of local products of the villagers, as well as increasing the income of residents. On the other hand, the spatial and human proximity factor has been among the main factors in attracting the economic benefits of tourism in the rural settlements of the study area. In these settlements, the necessary human resources, having jobs in restaurants and Bonab Kebab dishes and related jobs in the city of Bonab or in the nearest rural settlement, have played a major role in attracting economic benefits.
Conclusions: Fair and appropriate distribution of benefits from the tourism industry can improve the quality of life of residents, strengthen community participation, and even make this type of industry sustainable. In order to achieve such a function, it is important to understand the spatial distribution of its benefits and plan for it in rural settlements.
 

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Objective: This study aims to identify the prerequisites and components related to technological entrepreneurship in the rural areas of the Khaf territorial system. Given the concentration of technological development in urban areas and the deprivation of rural communities from its benefits, this research investigates strategies for promoting technological entrepreneurship as a tool for reducing migration, strengthening the local economy, and improving the quality of life in rural regions.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts active in the field of rural entrepreneurship. The data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding processes.
Results: The results revealed that the factors influencing technological entrepreneurship fall into three categories: (1) individual factors such as motivation, risk tolerance, and technological skills; (2) environmental factors, including access to digital infrastructure, governmental support, and a culture receptive to technology; and (3) structural factors such as supportive policies and inter-institutional cooperation. Major challenges identified include mono-product economies, lack of specialized training, absence of communication infrastructure, and gender inequality. Proposed strategies include identifying local capacities, developing infrastructure, targeted training, and strengthening community participation.
Conclusions: Technological entrepreneurship can contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas by generating new employment opportunities, enhancing productivity, and preserving cultural identity. Developing a coherent framework that emphasizes local conditions and coordination between governmental and private institutions is essential for the success of this approach. The findings of this study provide practical insights for rural development policymakers and planners to design and implement more effective programs based on the key identified factors.
 

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Objective: Technical and vocational education, as one of the fundamental pillars of human and economic development, plays a decisive role in enhancing skills, employability, and workforce productivity. Such training programs -particularly in rural areas- can provide an effective platform for developing practical and entrepreneurial competencies, thereby fostering the formation of dynamic human capital. When rural women are empowered through technical and vocational education, they not only acquire the skills necessary to enter the labor market and establish small or home-based enterprises, but also gain a deeper understanding of the economic potential within their local environment. This process contributes to increased household income, improved living conditions, and greater participation of women in rural economic development. Consequently, the linkage among technical and vocational education, women’s empowerment, and rural economic growth serves as a sustainable driver of poverty reduction, the creation of decent and lasting employment, and balanced development within rural communities.
Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and type. The required data were collected using documentary and survey methods. Quantitative techniques such as T-tests and the ARAS decision-making method were used for data analysis.
Results: The results of this study indicate that technical and vocational training generally has a positive impact on the lives of rural women across all four indicators of income, consumption, savings, and production. However, the extent of this impact varied across the county's districts. The Rud Talkh district experienced the most positive impact across all four indicators, while the North Tropical Bahmaei district experienced the least impact from these trainings.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of equitable and proportional distribution of technical and vocational training across the county and the necessity of tailoring the content of these trainings to the specific needs of each region.

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Objective: The present study aims to investigate the role of social entrepreneurship based on self-help groups in the economic empowerment of rural women in Topqareh rural district in Khodabandeh County (Zanjan province).
Methods: The present study is of an applied type, and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 645 women working in a clothing production workshop, of which 240 were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. Due to the high participation of the individuals, 271 questionnaires were completed and used as the basis for analysis. A field method based on completing a questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using one-sample t-tests, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that social entrepreneurship has a positive effect on all indicators of rural women's empowerment, and the indicators of participation in household decision-making and promotion of women's personal and social security both had the greatest impact on rural women's empowerment, with a numerical mean of (4.11). Also, the results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant difference in all research indicators at the 99% level, and the greatest changes were observed in the indicators of socio-economic self-reliance (-11.511) and social freedom and mobility (-11.508).
Conclusions: Social entrepreneurship based on rural women's self-help groups has helped improve the economic indicators of rural women's empowerment.
 

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on the viability of rural households in the North Banajoi Rural District of Bonab County (North West of IRAN).
Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in the northern Banajoi rural district of Bonab city. According to the results of the 2016 census, 3828 households, equal to 12262 people, live in this rural district, and 349 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The data and information of the study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts and professors. Also, its reliability using the Cochran formula was found to be 0.79 for the tourism entrepreneurship component, 0.77 for the sustainability component, and 0.78 for the entire questionnaire. In order to analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the status of tourism entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.121, and the status of rural household viability, with an average of 3.223, are in a desirable state. The results of the multivariate regression analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural household viability showed that the economic index had the greatest impact on rural household viability, with a beta coefficient of 0.376. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the value of the obtained correlation coefficient was equal to 0.376, which indicates a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and rural household viability.
Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and the viability of rural households, so that by providing a platform for entrepreneurship and improving tourism economic indicators, the viability indicators of rural households will also improve.
 

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Objective: Food security is a major issue in sustainable development and in improving the quality of life of rural households. Agricultural production plays a crucial role in meeting nutritional needs and enhancing the livelihoods of rural communities. The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of agricultural production to food security in rural households using a meta-analytic approach based on data extracted from reputable scientific databases.
Methods: The statistical population included studies related to the role of agricultural production in food security among rural households published in scientific databases—SID, Ensani, Noormags, Magiran, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus from 2000 to 2025. Based on the inclusion criteria, 27 studies were selected and analyzed using CMA2 software. In addition, VOSviewer was utilized to construct a thematic network and identify frequently used terms. Keywords were searched in international databases, and data from selected studies were stored in a CSV file for import into VOSviewer. A separate search was conducted for domestic sources, and their information was entered manually. Scientometric indicators were analyzed using VOSviewer. Due to heterogeneity in the data- identified through Q and I² indices- a random-effects model was selected.
Results: The thematic network analysis showed a meaningful relationship between agricultural production and food security in rural households. Begg and Mazumdar’s correlation test confirmed relative symmetry in the included studies, indicating an absence of publication bias. The overall effect size was estimated at 0.507, which, according to Cohen’s criteria, is considered high.
Conclusions: The results demonstrate that increased agricultural productivity leads to long-term improvements in food security among rural households. The vocabulary network analysis also showed that food security is linked to dietary quality and diversity, as well as challenges such as climate change, poverty, and gender issues, highlighting the need for comprehensive and integrated approaches to address these concerns.
 

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Objective: This study aims to identify the key local drivers influencing tourism development in Ferdows County, Iran, with a future-oriented perspective toward the 1414 Horizon (2035).
Methods: The research is applied in purpose and employs a mixed-methods design. The study population consisted of tourism experts, managers, and stakeholders in Ferdows County. Using snowball sampling and the principle of theoretical saturation, 30 experts were selected for the qualitative phase. Data were collected through structured interviews and a futures studies cross-impact questionnaire. The identified drivers were analyzed using the MICMAC structural analysis model.
Results: The results revealed fifteen local drivers affecting tourism development. Among these, the most influential drivers were social security and safety in tourism destinations and attractions (+15), promotion and preservation of indigenous handicrafts (+11), development of local tourism infrastructure (+7), branding and marketing of local tourism products (+7), preservation of historical assets and cultural heritage (+5), and tourism investment and financial support (+1).
Conclusions: By adopting a futures studies approach, this research provides a comprehensive assessment of both local and extra-local factors affecting tourism development. The findings offer strategic insights for policymakers and tourism planners seeking to enhance the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of tourism in Ferdows County.
 

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Objective: This study aims to analyze and prioritize the effects of supportive facilities and marketing strategies on the economic performance of rural livestock farming units in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran.
Methods: The research employed the Analytic Network Process (ANP), a multi-criteria decision-making approach that captures interrelationships and interdependencies among criteria and sub-criteria. The conceptual framework consisted of seven main criteria and twenty-five sub-criteria designed to comprehensively identify the determinants of livestock farms’ economic performance. Data were collected using a pairwise-comparison questionnaire completed by 237 livestock farmers across various counties in Khorasan Razavi Province. Following the construction of pairwise comparison matrices, the weights of criteria and sub-criteria were calculated, and the final analysis was conducted using Super Decisions software.
Results: The results revealed that the three most influential criteria affecting the economic performance of rural livestock farms were supportive facilities, economic costs, and marketing strategies. At the sub-criteria level, livestock feed costs received the highest priority weight, indicating the substantial financial burden imposed by feed expenses on livestock producers. Market access and the amount of loans received ranked second and third, respectively, highlighting the critical role of effective market participation and adequate financial resources in ensuring the sustainability and expansion of livestock farming activities. Other significant sub-criteria included livestock product insurance and the establishment of cooperatives, both of which contribute substantially to risk reduction and improved marketing performance.
Conclusions: Enhancing the economic performance of rural livestock farms requires a comprehensive policy approach focused on optimizing support mechanisms, reducing input costs, strengthening marketing infrastructure, and expanding insurance coverage. The findings provide a valuable scientific basis for agricultural policymakers and decision-makers to formulate targeted, evidence-based, and development-oriented strategies for the sustainable advancement of the livestock sector in rural areas.
 

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Objective: Agritourism creates new forms of interaction between agricultural producers and visitors while utilizing existing rural resources. In addition to strengthening local economies, it contributes to the preservation of agricultural land against pressures arising from large-scale retail expansion and global food supply chains. Given the growing importance of this sector, the present study investigates the factors influencing agritourism development in the rural areas of the Central District of Ardabil County, Iran.
Methods: This applied research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population consisted of household heads engaged in agricultural land utilization. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 380 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach was employed to analyze the data.
Results: A total of 67 indicators were initially examined, of which seven were excluded due to insufficient factor loadings. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. The structural model confirmed significant relationships between agritourism development and its determining factors. The highest factor loadings were associated with organizing cultural and recreational festivals, improving street lighting, and promoting crop diversification and agricultural product branding. Furthermore, the highest t-value (43.961) was observed for the relationship between agritourism development and socio-cultural factors, indicating the dominant role of this dimension in fostering agritourism development.
Conclusions: The development of agritourism in the Central District of Ardabil requires effective integration of managerial, policy, and legal dimensions. Agritourism can stimulate comprehensive socio-economic and cultural development, thereby contributing to sustainable rural development. Strengthening agritourism initiatives can enhance employment opportunities, improve household incomes, reduce rural outmigration, and increase the value-added potential of agricultural products and rural handicrafts.
 

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Objective: Saffron is a drought-resistant crop that has recently been promoted as an alternative agricultural product in Javanrud County, western Iran. Given the novelty of saffron cultivation in the region, this study aimed to assess its development potential and identify appropriate strategies for its expansion.
Methods: A mixed-methods case study approach was employed. The study population consisted of saffron growers and agricultural experts in Javanrud County. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 experienced saffron farmers and 10 agricultural specialists selected through purposive sampling. SWOT analysis was applied to identify internal and external factors affecting saffron cultivation. Subsequently, the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used to prioritize development strategies.
Results: The results revealed seven major strengths, among which family-based production capacity and favorable regional conditions for saffron cultivation were the most important. Seven major weaknesses were also identified, including limited acceptance of saffron as a cropping pattern and inadequate packaging and marketing practices. Opportunities included the compatibility of saffron cultivation with the local climate and access to broader markets, while major threats involved market limitations and insufficient provision of inputs and equipment by agricultural support institutions. Overall, the aggressive (SO) strategy was identified as the most suitable development strategy.
Conclusions: The findings provide practical guidance for agricultural policymakers and extension organizations in Kermanshah Province and Javanrud County to formulate effective strategies for promoting sustainable saffron cultivation.

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Objective: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with significant potential to enhance rural development through improving productivity, decision-making processes, and access to information. This study aimed to investigate the role of AI in empowering rural communities, considering the mediating effect of managerial support in the rural areas of Natanz County, Iran.
Methods: The research adopted an applied, descriptive-survey design. The statistical population consisted of all rural residents of Natanz County, from which 371 respondents were selected using Cochran’s sampling formula. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire comprising three dimensions: artificial intelligence (5 items), rural empowerment (19 items), and managerial support (6 items). The validity of the instrument was confirmed through face, content, and construct validity, while reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.86). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS software.
Results: The findings revealed that AI had a significant positive effect on rural empowerment (β = 0.636, T = 12.002) and managerial support (β = 0.392, T = 3.875). Furthermore, managerial support significantly influenced rural empowerment (β = 0.332, T = 5.533). Sobel test results confirmed the mediating role of managerial support in the relationship between AI and rural empowerment (T = 7.678). The results indicate that AI can substantially contribute to rural empowerment by enhancing agricultural productivity, improving access to education and healthcare services, facilitating market connectivity, and supporting informed decision-making. Effective managerial support and appropriate infrastructure are essential for maximizing the developmental benefits of AI in rural communities.
Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of integrating AI technologies into rural development strategies to foster sustainable socio-economic transformation and reduce rural–urban disparities.
 

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Objective: Designing and implementing employment programs constitutes one of the most important responsibilities of the government in Iran. Various governmental organizations have undertaken numerous initiatives to promote employment; however, statistical evidence indicates that despite the implementation of multiple employment-generation strategies and programs, the employment situation of young people has not improved substantially, and youth unemployment rates remain significantly higher than the national average. This study seeks to explain the factors underlying the success or failure of employment policies and programs implemented during the past two decades.
Methods: This study employs a documentary analysis approach. The analyzed documents include employment action plans, policy reports, and implementation reports related to employment-generation initiatives. Most of these documents were produced by the Islamic Consultative Assembly Research Center, the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare, and the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The documents were systematically examined to identify trends in employment policy development and to provide a theoretical interpretation of these changes. Data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results: Existing studies in this field can generally be classified into two categories. The first group explains the effectiveness of employment programs primarily through economic growth and investment, arguing that employment initiatives are unlikely to achieve their objectives without sustained economic expansion and increased investment. The second group attributes the limited effectiveness of employment policies to the outdated nature of program titles and intervention frameworks. Through a longitudinal analysis of employment policy documents, this study demonstrates that the titles and frameworks of employment programs have largely been updated over the past two decades. Nevertheless, the findings reveal that the principal challenges affecting the design and implementation of employment programs are a lack of transparency, insufficient monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and weak institutional coordination.
Conclusions: The study concludes that employment policies and programs suffer from structural weaknesses, including inadequate transparency, ineffective oversight, and poor coordination among relevant institutions, all of which contribute to their limited effectiveness. Enhancing transparency, accountability, and inter-organizational coordination requires establishing a balanced and constructive relationship among the state, the market, and civil society. Such an institutional arrangement can significantly improve the quality and effectiveness of employment policies, particularly those targeting youth employment.

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Purpose: Creative tourism, as a component of the vast tourism industry, can play a major role in empowering local communities, diversifying economic growth, and generating new employment opportunities in rural areas in connection with sustainable rural entrepreneurship and other economic sectors. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the key factors and driving forces influencing the effects of creative tourism on the development of sustainable rural entrepreneurship.
Methodology: The research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature, employing a futures studies approach. Data were collected through both documentary (library sources and scientific journals) and field methods (questionnaires). To extract the key drivers, the questionnaire was designed in five main dimensions: socio-cultural, economic, environmental, physical, and institutional-organizational. The sample population consisted of 25 experts and specialists in creative tourism and sustainable entrepreneurship. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through expert judgment. Data analysis and structural influence analysis of the key indicators were conducted using MICMAC software.
Findings: The results revealed that among the 91 factors examined across five dimensions, 20 key drivers were identified, including: strengthening intergenerational cooperation (39), public awareness of cultural and social values (38), reducing economic dependence on agriculture (49), creating new export opportunities (49), environmental awareness of tourists (48), encouraging green businesses (47), creating natural camping sites (49), developing cultural-tourism centers (48), creating a database of rural entrepreneurs (46), increasing financial transparency (42) and etc.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that creative tourism can serve as an effective instrument for promoting sustainable rural entrepreneurship. Structural analysis indicates that enhancing social collaboration, revitalizing handicrafts, reducing agricultural dependency, and fostering new economic opportunities significantly contribute to rural entrepreneurial sustainability.
 

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User satisfaction in rural ecotourism accommodations has become a critical determinant of success in the tourism industry. With the rapid growth of online booking platforms such as Jabama and intensifying competition, data-driven analysis is increasingly essential for identifying the factors influencing satisfaction. Despite the growing popularity of ecotourism in Iran, few studies have applied advanced and interpretable machine learning methods to explore this topic. The rise of the sharing economy and digital accommodation platforms has transformed user experiences, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based insights.

This study collected data from 1,123 rural ecotourism lodgings listed on the Jabama platform using Python and the Selenium library. Independent variables included information quality, cleanliness, value for money, check-in experience, hosting quality, and location, while user satisfaction ratings served as the dependent variable. Regression-based models—linear regression, decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, and support vector regression (SVR) with an RBF kernel—were implemented. Model performance was evaluated using mean squared error (MSE), the coefficient of determination (R²), and 5-fold cross-validation to ensure reliability and robustness.

The results showed that random forest and gradient boosting achieved the highest accuracy, with R² values above 0.86 and MSE below 0.012. Feature importance analysis revealed that information quality (importance score = 0.442), cleanliness, and value for money were the strongest predictors of user satisfaction. The decision tree model provided interpretable decision rules, highlighting the central role of information quality at the root level and the subsequent influence of cleanliness and value for money. These findings underscore the potential of interpretable machine learning approaches for enhancing user satisfaction analysis in Iran’s ecotourism sector and guiding data-informed managerial decisions.

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Objective: The main goal of this research is to identify, prioritize, and analyze the challenges and problems related to agriculture and natural resources in the Lower Atrak River basin, with a focus on the Chat region of Gonbad-e Kavus County. Relying on the perspectives of local elites, experts, and stakeholders, the study strives to explain the causal relationships between the human and natural factors influencing these challenges and to provide a basis for informed decision-making for sustainable resource management.
Methods: This research is qualitative in nature and applied in its objective. Data were collected through the review of upstream documents and a specialized questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The reliability of the research instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. To prioritize the issues and problems, the non-parametric Friedman test was employed. Furthermore, the DPSIR conceptual model was used as the analytical framework for the research to analyze the causal relationships among the driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. 
 

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Objective: Farming of native poultry at the village level will provide entrepreneurship and employment for rural women, provide needed protein, improve rural income and sustainable rural development. Despite the benefits of native poultry, the acceptance of this rural activity has not received much attention. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting of native poultry farming among villagers in Mazandaran province can provide grounds for improving the villagers' willingness to carry out this native activity.
Methods: The present study is quantitative and descriptive-survey. The statistical population is the total number of native poultry farmers in Mazandaran province, 64725 people. Multi-stage sampling method was used to select the sample. 382 native poultry farmers were randomly selected as samples. The required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by asking experts and the reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results: Personal-professional factors and social-environmental factors explain 73% of the changes in perceived usefulness and 36% of the changes in perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explain a total of 74% of the changes in behavioral intention, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention explain about 64% of the changes in native poultry farming behavior.
Conclusions: The main essence of the proposed model is behavioral intention over behavior, but perceived behavioral control is also an important variable that, along with behavioral intention, affects native poultry farming even more intensely. Increasing the risk-taking power of producers, improving the knowledge and skills of producers, raising public awareness for the consumption of native poultry, expanding the cooperative of native poultry producers, and providing low-interest and targeted bank loans are among the suggestions for the development of native poultry farming in Mazandaran province.
 

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The aim of the current research is to identify spatial processes affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship in order to identify existing and emerging theoretical perspectives. The research method in the current study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of methodology, it is a combination of systematic review and qualitative content analysis. The statistical population of the research is articles extracted from magazines related to the field of rural entrepreneurship and geography in valid databases. The research population is 113 articles over a period of 22 years from 2000-2023. In the next step, irrelevant articles were removed by screening and finally, 38 Latin scientific articles were analyzed as the research community from the total of studies. For analysis, open, axial and selective coding was used in the software environment (Atlas Ti). Also, the opinions of 5 experts have been used for validation. The research findings included 212 primary codes that were conceptualized in 26 categories and four dimensions and one component (social-spatial). Examining the time distribution of the articles showed that the first articles were published in 2007 and remained stagnant until 2014, and after that, there was an increasing trend until now. Such thematic distribution of articles have been published in social, spatial and economic fields, respectively. The research results showed that rural entrepreneurship is strongly influenced by spatial factors. These studies have been affected by the conceptual evolution of space literature and at the same time as the conceptual evolution of this discourse, its proposed components have also changed and changed from a traditional perspective to a socio-spatial concept. Therefore, space acts as a platform for social interactions and plays an important role in the formation of social and spatial networks that affect the development of rural entrepreneurship

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The research was fundamental in terms of purpose and mixed and exploratory in terms of method. In the qualitative part, the inductive content analysis method was used, and in the quantitative part, the interpretive structural method with the integrated ISM-DEMATEL technique was used. The study population consisted of academic experts, welfare experts, and relevant organizations that are directly related to the employment of disabled people, and disabled people. The study population consisted of academic experts, welfare experts, and relevant organizations that are directly related to the employment of disabled people, and disabled people. Data were collected through a review of secondary studies, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative section, the results showed that the categories of networking and market development for products, sustainability and continuous improvement of the plan, implementation of career counseling based on the type of disability and climate, psychological capacity building and skill empowerment, financial and infrastructure support, and identification of applicants and individuals susceptible to job creation are effective factors in creating a sustainable employment model for people with disabilities. The results of the quantitative section showed that the first step was to identify applicants and people who are susceptible to job creation; the second step was to implement career counseling based on the type of disability and climate; the third step was to build psychological capacity and skill empowerment and financial and infrastructure support; and the fourth step was to build networks and markets for products, leadership, and continuous business improvement.
 

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Objective: The objective of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of rural shrinkage with an emphasis on the role of space commodification and migration.
Methods: This study employs a descriptive-analytical research methodology based on field and documentary observations. The sample size determination for both the expert questionnaire (on factors of space commodification) and the villager questionnaire (on factors influencing migration) utilized theoretical saturation. The sampling method for both the expert and citizen questionnaire sections was purposive non-probability sampling.
Results: 
The findings indicated that the most significant factors influencing rural migration, in order of importance, include: inefficient performance of city officials, family poverty, and inequality in facilities and services between this village and the provincial center and other destination cities, and so on. Based on the DANP model, the most significant factors affecting the commodification of rural space in relation to the phenomenon of urban shrinkage, in order of importance, include: destruction of natural landscapes, sense of alienation from space, change in land use of agricultural lands, sense of privatization of space, unemployment in the village, and so on.
Conclusions: The results demonstrated that rural shrinkage in Saqqez is a victim of the space commodification logic driven by neoliberal capitalism and the inefficiency of local governance. Migration, a key agent in this process, itself perpetuates the vicious cycle of shrinkage.