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Afshin Mottaghi, Hossein Rabiei, Mosayeb Gharehbeygi,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Abstract
Introduction
When unbalanced spatial dispersion of developmental indicators increase, unbalanced distribution of facilities and population will dramatically increase too and meanwhile the increase of centralization of indicators in regions that suffer from centralization of facilities and population will lead to population and facilities movement from deprived regions and this will increase unbalanced spatial-geographical dispersion. So, achieving sustainable development of human force is impossible. For achieving sustainable development as the ultimate goal of planning, the first step is studying and recognizing the current situation and the level of distribution of facilities in regions as a starting point for achieving development. Planning which its goal is sustainable development in settlements especially in border regions, needs spatial organization in rural regions to organize macro and national issues including national security issues more precisely and more efficiently. Therefore, in this study compatibility or incompatibility in spatial dispersion of development pattern in South Khorasan villages are evaluated and classified regarding some indicators such as infrastructure, social-economic, education and culture, and health. According to the results of this study, it seems that spatial organization in border counties and villages located in South Khorasan is extremely unbalanced and incompatible.
Methodology
Regarding its methodology, this study is a cause and effect-comparative one and regarding its nature it is a practical study. 23 indicators have been chosen out of developmental indicators which include socioeconomic, educational-cultural, health and infrastructural ones. Data were collected through documentary research using documents of government offices in 1392, in four cities which are located in South Khorasan border (Nehbandadn, Darmiyan, Zirkuh and Sarbisheh). Statistical population includes villages located in border counties in South Khorasan province and the study samples regarding statistical population have been determined 11 villages according to the separation of political boundaries in villages. To classify border villages of this province according to the level of getting facilities according to the studied indicators, TOPSIS approach and Shannon Entropy Coefficient have been used to determine the weight coefficient of each of the indicators.
Discussion and Conclusion
In recent years, planners and politicians are interested in studying the unbalanced spatial dispersion in different geographical areas and the existence of unbalanced conditions in different dimensions is an important sign of undeveloped regions. This study tries to reveal the importance of getting more of economic indicators through a critical realism point of view by answering to this question that "how border rural districts of South Khorasan province are related to their socioeconomic context as an organization?” It seems that by evaluating spatial condition, it is possible to achieve to a total indicator of security status; therefore it is expected that security status will not be in a good condition when a region gets less of economic indicators. The study result showed that Mood rural district have the best condition in evaluating socioeconomic, educational-cultural, health and infrastructural indicators and as a result in final classification this rural district is the only district among border rural districts in South Khorsan province which gets the most facilities. Studies show that rural districts, Mood, Doroh, MomenAbad, Mighan and Shusf are respectively in the first to fifth grade, regarding balanced spatial development pattern. In this classification, four rural districts, Ghohestan, Miyandasht, Naharenjan, Arabkhane are deprived rural districts respectively. On the whole, in South Khorasan province among 11 rural districts as study samples, regarding socialeconomic, educational-cultural, health and infrastructural indicators, 6 rural districts including Doroh, MomenAbad, Mighan, Bandan, Shusf ans Gezik are recognized as rural districts that get less facilities and four of them including Ghohestan, Miyandashtn Naharenjan and Arabkhane are recognized as deprived rural districts respectively.
Mood rural district is the only case that encompasses all of this study indicators, however this region is not in a desirable situation and its numerical distance from developmental indicators is almost a lot. Such pattern shows the incompatible and unbalanced characteristic of spatial construction in border counties of South Khorasan province.
In recent years, planners and politicians are interested in studying the unbalanced spatial dispersion in different geographical areas and the existence of unbalanced conditions in different dimensions is an important sign of undeveloped regions. This study tries to reveal the importance of getting more of economic indicators through a critical realism point of view by answering to this question that "how border rural districts of South Khorasan province are related to their socioeconomic context as an organization?” It seems that by evaluating spatial condition, it is possible to achieve to a total indicator of security status; therefore it is expected that security status will not be in a good condition when a region gets less of economic indicators. The study result showed that Mood rural district have the best condition in evaluating socioeconomic, educational-cultural, health and infrastructural indicators and as a result in final classification this rural district is the only district among border rural districts in South Khorsan province which gets the most facilities. Studies show that rural districts, Mood, Doroh, MomenAbad, Mighan and Shusf are respectively in the first to fifth grade, regarding balanced spatial development pattern. In this classification, four rural districts, Ghohestan, Miyandasht, Naharenjan, Arabkhane are deprived rural districts respectively. On the whole, in South Khorasan province among 11 rural districts as study samples, regarding socialeconomic, educational-cultural, health and infrastructural indicators, 6 rural districts including Doroh, MomenAbad, Mighan, Bandan, Shusf ans Gezik are recognized as rural districts that get less facilities and four of them including Ghohestan, Miyandashtn Naharenjan and Arabkhane are recognized as deprived rural districts respectively.
Mood rural district is the only case that encompasses all of this study indicators, however this region is not in a desirable situation and its numerical distance from developmental indicators is almost a lot. Such pattern shows the incompatible and unbalanced characteristic of spatial construction in border counties of South Khorasan province.
Saadi Mohammadi, Zahra Hakiminea,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Quality of life is core to the sustainable security approach. Regarding that, the status of supply and access to livelihood capital to provide livelihood and quality of life for villagers have an undeniable role in moving towards the stability of the security of rural border areas. The rural border areas of Marivan are in an adverse situation in terms of access to livelihood assets. Livelihood poverty due to poor access to livelihood assets is the dominant feature of the border village areas of Marivan County. This situation is evident in the unemployment report of the management and planning organization of the province, where the highest unemployment rate of the province is related to Marivan County, with 28.6 percent. Although Marivan County is in third place in the province after Sanandaj and Saqz counties in terms of population (12.2% of the province's population), it includes 23.6% of the unemployed in the entire province. The number of unemployed people in the rural areas of Marivan is 3446, with a rate of 19.3%. Compared to the unemployment rate of the rural areas of other counties of the province, it has the highest unemployment rate. Due to being in the political and geopolitical stake, a lot of money and capital is spent to keep the security of this county. According to the principles of stable security, identifying and solving the trends leading to insecurity are significant. So instead of dealing with threats, the emergence of insecurity is prevented by controlling these trends. The current research discusses why the inappropriate situation of access to livelihood assets in the border rural areas of the region was created and continued and what instabilities and risks did it leave behind?
Methodology
The present applied research has been carried out using a post-event descriptive method. The research is qualitative, in essence. Data were collected by targeted interviews. The three main questions of the research are the destabilizing effects of security, the causes and factors of occurrence and continuity, and the strategies adopted by villagers against inappropriate access to livelihood capitals. The research population includes specialists, experts and informants in security and law enforcement, academics and management of the county, who were determined using a targeted non-probability sampling method based on the snowball method, and their number reached 50 people. The analysis of the interviews was done with the grounded theory technique in three stages open coding, central coding and selective coding.
The spatial scope of the research is the border villages of Marivan County. A county that is located in the west of Kurdistan Province and is adjacent to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. These border villages are within Sarshio, Khavomirabad and Zrivar Districts, which are the closest to the borderline (less than 15 kilometres from the border). The location and target villages of the research were considered (10 villages).
Discussion and conclusion
The creation of livelihood poverty due to the lack of provision and proper access of border villagers to livelihood assets has caused a variety of security instabilities. Many of the identified concepts, or in other words, the adverse effects resulting from the lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets, are the result and effects of weakening and failure in other dimensions and security indicators. The lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets in the studied areas, in addition to direct effects (destruction of the natural environment, poverty, human and financial losses), has also had many indirect and dependent effects (creating security holes with Distance between the people and the system due to the feeling of injustice caused by the government's lack of attention to these areas with the continuation of human and financial losses, environmental crises, the continuation of smuggling, increase in immigration, etc.). On the other hand, the instability and security problems created are not only limited to these areas and have threatened the national and public security of the country as well.
The most important strategies adopted for security and development in order to deal with the poor livelihood and security situation include border blocking strategy and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management strategy, extreme exploitation of the natural environment and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, immigration and capital outflow from the borders. However, there needs to be a structural solution to the problem at the regional level. Therefore, defensive strategies have generally been used to prevent the deterioration of the existing situation.
Also, using the grounded theory technique (three stages of open, central and selective coding), it was found that there are many obstacles and problems related to development and security managers and local communities for the business environment or the lack of access to livelihood assets in the studied border rural areas.
The results showed that the lack of proper access of the border villages of the county to livelihood assets had caused the instability of security in its various fields in the studied area. The security instabilities were placed in 51 indicators in the form of 3 main categories: unstable security future and political-military problems, instability of food and environmental-physical security, and instability of economic and social security. This situation showed that the lack of access to livelihood assets has reduced the quality of life and, as a result, security instability in the border villages of Marivan County.
Also, the results of the grounded theory technique extracted 63 weaknesses. These weaknesses are grouped into components such as weak development planning, policy-making and management, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, weak laws and protections, weakness in the physical infrastructure needed for economic development, the lack of local people's capital and socio-cultural weaknesses.
Finally, the results of interviews and field observation showed that the strategy of blocking borders and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, migration and departure capital from borders; The most important strategies adopted by development and security officials and villagers in dealing with the unfavorable situation of access to livelihood assets and security instabilities resulting from it.
Quality of life is core to the sustainable security approach. Regarding that, the status of supply and access to livelihood capital to provide livelihood and quality of life for villagers have an undeniable role in moving towards the stability of the security of rural border areas. The rural border areas of Marivan are in an adverse situation in terms of access to livelihood assets. Livelihood poverty due to poor access to livelihood assets is the dominant feature of the border village areas of Marivan County. This situation is evident in the unemployment report of the management and planning organization of the province, where the highest unemployment rate of the province is related to Marivan County, with 28.6 percent. Although Marivan County is in third place in the province after Sanandaj and Saqz counties in terms of population (12.2% of the province's population), it includes 23.6% of the unemployed in the entire province. The number of unemployed people in the rural areas of Marivan is 3446, with a rate of 19.3%. Compared to the unemployment rate of the rural areas of other counties of the province, it has the highest unemployment rate. Due to being in the political and geopolitical stake, a lot of money and capital is spent to keep the security of this county. According to the principles of stable security, identifying and solving the trends leading to insecurity are significant. So instead of dealing with threats, the emergence of insecurity is prevented by controlling these trends. The current research discusses why the inappropriate situation of access to livelihood assets in the border rural areas of the region was created and continued and what instabilities and risks did it leave behind?
Methodology
The present applied research has been carried out using a post-event descriptive method. The research is qualitative, in essence. Data were collected by targeted interviews. The three main questions of the research are the destabilizing effects of security, the causes and factors of occurrence and continuity, and the strategies adopted by villagers against inappropriate access to livelihood capitals. The research population includes specialists, experts and informants in security and law enforcement, academics and management of the county, who were determined using a targeted non-probability sampling method based on the snowball method, and their number reached 50 people. The analysis of the interviews was done with the grounded theory technique in three stages open coding, central coding and selective coding.
The spatial scope of the research is the border villages of Marivan County. A county that is located in the west of Kurdistan Province and is adjacent to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. These border villages are within Sarshio, Khavomirabad and Zrivar Districts, which are the closest to the borderline (less than 15 kilometres from the border). The location and target villages of the research were considered (10 villages).
Discussion and conclusion
The creation of livelihood poverty due to the lack of provision and proper access of border villagers to livelihood assets has caused a variety of security instabilities. Many of the identified concepts, or in other words, the adverse effects resulting from the lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets, are the result and effects of weakening and failure in other dimensions and security indicators. The lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets in the studied areas, in addition to direct effects (destruction of the natural environment, poverty, human and financial losses), has also had many indirect and dependent effects (creating security holes with Distance between the people and the system due to the feeling of injustice caused by the government's lack of attention to these areas with the continuation of human and financial losses, environmental crises, the continuation of smuggling, increase in immigration, etc.). On the other hand, the instability and security problems created are not only limited to these areas and have threatened the national and public security of the country as well.
The most important strategies adopted for security and development in order to deal with the poor livelihood and security situation include border blocking strategy and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management strategy, extreme exploitation of the natural environment and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, immigration and capital outflow from the borders. However, there needs to be a structural solution to the problem at the regional level. Therefore, defensive strategies have generally been used to prevent the deterioration of the existing situation.
Also, using the grounded theory technique (three stages of open, central and selective coding), it was found that there are many obstacles and problems related to development and security managers and local communities for the business environment or the lack of access to livelihood assets in the studied border rural areas.
The results showed that the lack of proper access of the border villages of the county to livelihood assets had caused the instability of security in its various fields in the studied area. The security instabilities were placed in 51 indicators in the form of 3 main categories: unstable security future and political-military problems, instability of food and environmental-physical security, and instability of economic and social security. This situation showed that the lack of access to livelihood assets has reduced the quality of life and, as a result, security instability in the border villages of Marivan County.
Also, the results of the grounded theory technique extracted 63 weaknesses. These weaknesses are grouped into components such as weak development planning, policy-making and management, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, weak laws and protections, weakness in the physical infrastructure needed for economic development, the lack of local people's capital and socio-cultural weaknesses.
Finally, the results of interviews and field observation showed that the strategy of blocking borders and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, migration and departure capital from borders; The most important strategies adopted by development and security officials and villagers in dealing with the unfavorable situation of access to livelihood assets and security instabilities resulting from it.
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