SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

fa خشکسالی و بازتاب‌های اقتصادی آن در نواحی روستایی مورد: دهستان دودانگه در شهرستان بهبهان Draught and its economic consequences in rural area Case: Dodangeh district Behbahan <p style="text-align: justify; ">خشکسالی به‌عنوان پیچیده ترین بلای طبیعی، تعداد زیادی از ساکنان مناطق روستایی دارای اقتصاد متکی بر کشاورزی را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد. از آنجا که شدت و گستره خشکسالی در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک افزایش یافته است، شناخت و درک این پدیده طبیعی و تبعات ناشی از آن ضروری می‌باشد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات اقتصادی خشکسالی سال های اخیر و عوامل اثرگذار بر آن در دهستان دودانگه شهرستان بهبهان انجام پذیرفته است. داده‌های مورد نیاز برای انجام پژوهش، از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده جمع‌آوری گردید. در این راستا نسبت به انجام مصاحبه حضوری و تکمیل پرسشنامه از 339 تن از کشاورزانی که در سال‌های اخیر خشکسالی را تجربه نموده‌ اند، اقدام شد. روایی صوری ابزار پژوهش توسط متخصصان موضوعی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت و برای تعیین پایایی از مطالعه راهنما استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد خشکسالی صورت گرفته در سال آبی 88-1387، شدیدترین خشکسالی منطقه در دهه های اخیر بوده است. این پدیده موجب کاهش عملکرد محصولات دیم، تعداد دام، میزان اراضی آبی و دیم و درآمد خانوار گردیده است. همچنین میزان توانایی مالی، سن، اشتغال غیرکشاورزی، توانایی در بازپرداخت تسهیلات بانکی، مخارج خانوار و میزان اراضی آبی و دیم مهم ترین عوامل تعیین‌کننده آسیب‌پذیری اقتصادی کشاورزان از خشکسالی بوده است. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، توصیه‌هایی برای کاهش اثرات اقتصادی خشکسالی و بهبود سیاست گذاری و مدیریت این پدیده ارائه گردیده است.</p> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Introduction:</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Draught is being considered as a climatic reality in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. </span>Drought is capable of generating drastic impacts over water and soil resources, vegetation, animals and human beings. Water is a prominent factor as far as agricultural product is concerned specially in arid zones. Draught and its impact on water resources will bear unpleasant consequences namely for rural settlers whose livelihood depend on agricultural pursuit.it is argued that draught will lead to set of complicated environmental, economic and social impacts. Taking into account the frequency of its occurrence, extent and complexity it demands more attention regarding the identification of its impacts. There is not a rigid agreement regarding the definition of this phenomenon. This in turn will lead to some complexities with respect to the assessment of draught. There exist different measures for simulation of rainfalls, water surface run offs as well as other water resources. This helps to come up with clear images of climatic and hydrological draught. There exist different indices for measuring rainfall deviation from average including SPI and SDI. Lack of sufficient knowledge’s and understanding with respect to impacts is being considered as other complexity regarding the inter partition of draught. In spite of high occurrence and the great magnitude of draught, little attention paid to explanation of its impacts. According to the relevant statistics 22 % of economic damages resulted from natural hazard is associated with draught. 33 % of people are being affected by draught. In the countries based on agriculture economy, impact of draught could be evidenced by low surface water supply and underground waters. This in turn, is responsible for reduction in water supply as well as water quality, low level of crops production, productivity, and crisis regarding food an increase in livestock death. On the other hand, drought impacts could exemplify it in economic, social and environmental impacts including decrease in household incomes, reduction in substitute income resources, and increase in both hours and volume work, conflict regarding water utilization, food deficiencies, malnutrition, low level of health, and accessibility to sanitation services, low education possibilities, unequal access to financial supports. Moreover, increase in rural migration, lack of power, low life quality, destruction of natural habitats, low productivity of forests and pastures, increase in temperature as well as evaporation, low soil productivity, reduction in water resources, pollution, increase in fire incidence are among other impacts. Variation in spatial and temporal scale of its draught turns it into a very unique phenomenon. It is argued that draught impacts are result of natural interaction (low rainfall) and the way respondents respond. Most of draught studies predominantly are concentrated at national level. However, well documented information regarding draught impacts is nonexistence. This study aims to investigate draught impacts and its influential responsible factors at rural household level.</div> <strong><span class="fontstyle2">Methodology:</span></strong> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle0">The research method is based on descriptive-analytical method. Needed data were obtained through survey in Dodangeh Behbahan. It is located in north-western part of Behbahan. Statistical society includes all of peasant households reside in village with 20 and over households (2865). Cochran formula was used in order to determine the sample size. This led to extraction of 339 peasants which were interviewed. Its viability was determined using relevant expert’s viewpoints. This study further demands application of standard rainfall indices in order to determine the magnitude and continuity of climatic and hydrologic draughts.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle2">Conclusion:</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle0">Current wide spread and server drought exerted considerable damage in Dodangeh rural </span>economy. Efforts toward mitigation of economic impacts of draught require the identification of characteristics of this phenomenon. This study suggests that the assessment and evaluation of intensity and continuity of draught would well be done through application of standard rainfall and surface run offs. It further indicates that drought as a complex phenomenon is capable of increasing the vulnerability of the rural households. Certain economic impacts of draught are unexpected. Contrary to other draught studies results, agricultural lands have not been shirked. This has something to do with lack of due information regarding moisture status. The identification of draught risk is prerequisite for mitigation of farmer’s vulnerabilities. This in turn demands the application of sound and influential drought management based on information and relevant knowledge. In as much as agriculture is the most prominent livelihood in the region thus providing non-agricultural occupations help to reduce the level of vulnerability. Therefore, policies and measures for generating non-agricultural jobs in regions with high subjectivity to draught are highly recommended. According to the finding of this study, selling livestock’s and agricultural land are among some strategies for combating against draught taken by farmers. It is recommended that vulnerability of farmers, long run impacts and management issue all need to be considered. Moreover, improvement in extension services through provision of computable mechanism suited with draught condition assists mitigation of draught unpleasant impacts based on regression analysis, the amount of farmers debts, financial ability, age and households expenditure are the major variables as far as households vulnerability to draught is concerned. Furthermore, provision of financial and social support system is highly suggested.</div> ﺧﺸﮑﺴﺎﻟﯽ, اﺛﺮات اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی, آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬیﺮی, ﮐﺸﺎورزان, دﻫﺴﺘﺎن دوداﻧﮕﻪ Drought, Economic impacts, Rural areas, vulnerability, Farmers, Dodangeh. 131 148 http://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-84&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Behzad Adeli بهزاد عادلی adeli_behzad66@yahoo.com 10031947532846001890 10031947532846001890 No Ph.D. student of watershed management Sciences and engineering, Hormozgan University, Iran دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی مدیریت آبخیز، دانشگاه هرمزگان، ایران. Hamid Reza Moradi حمیدرضا مرادی hrmoradi@modares.ac.ir 10031947532846001891 10031947532846001891 Yes Associate Prof. of watershed management department, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran دانشیار گروه آبخیزداری دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Marzieh Keshavarz مرضیه کشاورز hrmoradi@modares.ac.ir 10031947532846001892 10031947532846001892 No Assistant Prof. of agriculture, Payame Noor University, Iran اﺳﺘﺎدیار ﮔﺮوه ﮐﺸﺎورزی، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر، ایران Hamid Amirnejad حمید امیرنژاد hamidamirnejad@yahoo.com 10031947532846001893 10031947532846001893 No Assistant Prof. of agriculture economic, Sari Science and Natural Resources University, Iran استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران