SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

fa سطح‌بندی سرمایه‌های معیشتی در روستاهای گردشگری کوهستانی مورد: دهستان بالا طالقان در شهرستان طالقان Ranking of livelihood Capitals in Mountain Tourism Villages Case: Bala- Taloqan Rural District in Taloqan County پژوهشي Research <p style="text-align: justify; ">فقر از مهم‌ترین چالش‌هایی است که جوامع به‌ویژه جوامع روستایی با آن مواجه بوده و ازاین‌رو رویکردهای مختلفی برای کاهش و ریشه‌کن کردن فقر مطرح‌ شده است. از رویکردهای مشهور در این رابطه، رویکرد معیشت پایدار است که در دهه 1980 مطرح شد. ابزارهای مختلفی برای دستیابی به اهداف این رویکرد مدنظر بوده که گردشگری به‌عنوان جدیدترین این ابزارها توجه زیادی را به خود جلب نموده است. در این مقاله بُعد سرمایه‌های معیشتی یعنی سرمایه‌های انسانی، طبیعی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و نهادی در ارتباط با فعالیت‌های مرتبط با گردشگری بررسی‌شده است. برخی از نواحی روستایی با توجه به قابلیت‌های طبیعی که دارد، توانسته‌به‌عنوان جامعه میزبان گردشگران عمل نموده و از این طریق در وضعیت معیشتی خود تغییرات زیادی را به وجود آورد. جامعه‌ی مورد مطالعه در این مقاله، 10 روستای گردشگرپذیر دهستان بالا طالقان در شهرستان طالقان است که از این تعداد روستا، تعداد 297 نفر که سرپرست خانوار نیز بودند، به‌عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شد. برای دستیابی به اهداف از روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و از مطالعات اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای و روش میدانی در چارچوب پرسشنامه‌ محقق ساخته استفاده شده است. روایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از نظرات 20 نفر از متخصصین که در زمینه برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گردشگری، گردشگری روستایی و توسعه‌ی روستایی فعالیت داشته‌اند، تأیید و پایایی ابزار نیز با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شده که مقدار آن برابر با 0.83 بهدست آمده است. همچنین برای وزن‌دهی به شاخص‌ها از مدل فولر سلسله‌مراتبی و برای رتبه‌بندی و تعیین وضعیت روستاها از مدل ORESTEاستفاده شده است. نتایج بهدست آمده نشان می‌دهد که وضعیت سرمایه‌های معیشتی روستائیان ناشی از فعالیت‌های گردشگری در روستاهای مورد مطالعه مساعد نیست، با این وجود روستای گلیرد نسبت به سایر روستاها وضعیت مناسب‌تری را دارا بوده است.</p> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Introduction</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Poverty is one of the greatest challenges confronting humanity. It is said that poverty is </span>almost related to natural resources, while it is also because of some other factors like natural and human capitals. Villagers are considered among the poorest and most vulnerable within human societies, especially in the countries of the third world. If the purpose of development is obviously that of poverty alleviation and eradication through employment generation for the rural and urban poor, supplying the minimum of basic requirements acceptable to everyone, increase of productivity, causing more balance between geographic areas and socio-economic classes, decentralization and people involvement in the process of decision-making, having emphasis on collective and national self-confidence, finding balance and the recovery of living conditions, then we can consider the rural communities as one of the most significant factors causing the above objectives come true. So, rural development plays a vital role in achieving the overall objectives of development at the national level. Approaches and paradigms are always provided by scientists and theorists to assist us achieving the above objectives. In 1980s, sustainable livelihoods (LS) and sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) was proposed to be used a new approach in poverty eradication. The main emphasis of this approach was based on a comprehensive and integrated thought for poverty eradication and rural development. In a short time, this approach could attract the attention of many researches. Since, livelihood capitals is an important aspect of sustainable livelihoods approach and because of the important role of these assets in the livelihood of families, especially rural ones whose condition is influenced by tourism activities, in this research we decided to investigate the impact of tourism activities on livelihood capitals in mountain tourism villages of Bala-Taloqan in Taloqan County so we can find out the answer to the question that which villages are better in the case of this kind of capitals.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Methodology</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">As a city of Alborz Province, Taloqan County is located at a distance of 90 km from the </span>center of the province and within the northwest of it. In 2012, the city had 2 parts of central and Bala-Taloqan. It was also consisted of 8212 households and a population of 23765. Bala-Taloqan as the study case of this research consists of two rural districts: Kenar-rood and Joestan (central district) with 48 residential villages. In this paper, we have selected 10 mountain villages which have been affected by tourism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue of prioritization of capitals resulting from tourism activities in mountain tourism villages of the district of top Talogan, among inhabited households using analytical- descriptive method with an emphasis on library work, field studies and completing the questionnaires. Meanwhile, hierarchical Filler Triangle was used as a model to weighting each indicator along with Oreste method for ranking and prioritization of the mountain tourism villages in terms of investigating the condition of tourism assets and capitals.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle2">Discussion and Conclusion</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle0">Considering livelihood capitals, Galird has the best and the village of Manglan has the </span>worst condition. Galirad village, according to its proper position relative to the connecting roads and its distinctive tourist attractions, i.e. the old house of Ayatollah Taleqani, enjoys a certain reputation that has caused more tourists go there. Moreover, Guidance plan has been already implemented in the village that is important in the improvement of connecting roads quality and making easy-access roads. After Galird, Karkbud village is located in the second place. Its famous waterfall is the most important attraction of the village which has given it a national reputation. Although, it has located at an altitude of 2200 meters and it is difficult to access it, the attractive waterfall has compensated for this limitation and attracted tourists. Additionally, the village is very rich in terms of natural capital, but tourism has not developed enough and has failed to make the promotion of other capitals. The results of interviews conducted with residents indicate that they are dissatisfied with tourists there and think of them as a contributing factor to environmental degradation and the rise of social abnormalities. Joestan has also dedicated to the third place of this ranking. Vicinity to Shahrood River and the presence of tomb shrine of Haron the son of Muses, are the most important attractions of this village. Although it is the center of Top Talogan district, it has failed to accomplish its central role. So, many people have left the village over time as even the tomb shrine as a strong religious attraction with lodging facilities has not been able to properly accomplish its role of attracting tourists. For this reason, it is only social capitals, and partially, financial capitals, which have perfect situations here. Other villages have similar status and in spite of having human and natural attractions they have not been successful enough in collecting capitals. Of course, it must be mentioned that in this district tourism is mostly found in the form of Daily tourism and second home tourism by a more percentage of Daily tourists than the second-home ones. Because in the mountain villages studied, due to the lack of access to adequate lands with sufficient slopes in order to construct housing units, there have always been lots of limitations for constructing second houses for the non-native. Additionally, in some villages such as Karkbood, native people refuse to sell lands to the non-native and this could affect the status of financial capital of the village.</div> ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮی روﺳﺘﺎیﯽ, ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮی ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎن, ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﭘﺎیﺪار, روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎی ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ, ﻃﺎﻟﻘﺎن Rural tourism, Mountain tourism, Sustainable livelihood, Mountain villages, Talogan. 1 18 http://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-6&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum مجتبی قدیری معصوم mghadiri@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846001935 10031947532846001935 Yes Professor and member of the Center of rural planning, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. استاد و عضو قطب علمی برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Mohamadreza Rezvani محمدرضا رضوانی rrezvani@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846001936 10031947532846001936 No Professor and member of the Center of rural planning, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. استاد و عضو قطب علمی برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Mahmoud Jomepour محمود جمعه پور mahjom43@gmail.com 10031947532846001937 10031947532846001937 No Associate Professor of Social Planning, Allameh TabatabaiUniversity, Tehran, Iran. دانشیار برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران Hamidreza Baghiani حمیدرضا باغیانی hr.baghiani@gmail.com 10031947532846001938 10031947532846001938 No PhD student in geography and rural planning, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران