Showing 159 results for Type of Study: Applicable
Hamzeh Alizadeh, Mehry Akbary, Zahra Hejazizadeh, Mohamad Ahmadi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Kermanshah province, especially Ravansar city is one of the important regions of the country in the agricultural and horticultural sector, most of the time the hail phenomenon causes significant damage to these sectors. One way to reduce this damage is to install an anti-hail system. To achieve this goal, 37 station hail data were clustered and three main clusters were obtained representing hail days; Each of the clusters has been plotted and analyzed in terms of geopotential height of 500 hPa, moisture level of 700, and map of 1000 to 500 hPa of temperature and omega. The results of the study of hail patterns show; A low-altitude system is essential in the Middle East; To direct hot and humid air from the southern offerings to the region; At the same time, it is necessary to have high instability and weak static stability in the atmosphere on the surface of the earth, as well as the presence of sufficient moisture that can provide showers. Hierarchical analysis (AHP) method was used for location in GIS environment and parameters such as (slope, slope direction, temperature, humidity ...) were evaluated. These criteria were classified as operating maps, each separately and were scored according to the degree of priority in establishing the device. The final map shows the location of the system: Parts of the northwest of the region (Mansour Aghaei and Ghori Qaleh) and northeast of the central part of Ravansar and parts of the southwest of the area due to the appropriate geographical conditions and appropriate to them, sufficient temperature and humidity and the direction of the southwest slope, and having Favorable conditions for severe instability followed by hail; Anti-hail system is very important for construction in these areas. In general, about 32.6 square kilometers have relatively favorable conditions and about 3 square kilometers have very favorable conditions for the construction of the system.
Dr Mitra Saberi, Dr Amir Karam, Parviz Zeaiean, Ali Ahmadabadi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
many geomorphic landforms have fractal structures and their formation and transformation can be explained by mathematical relations. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the fractal behavior of landforms of macro geomorphologic regions of Iran,as well as studying and analyzing topographic and landform characteristics based on fractal relationships, and also, analyzing the characteristics of dominant geomorphologic processes based on the theory of fractals. In this study, the contour lines of different landforms of Iran (according to the territorial types) including mountains,hills, plateaus, Plain Domains, Fan Breakout, fan alluvial, for pixel sizes of 30,90,200 m, were drawn and their fractal dimension was estimated by using the box-counting method. The morphometric characteristics of the landforms and their fractal dimensions with indexes (max, mean and standard deviation) related to the five variables (height, gradient, profile curvature and planar curvature of the metric) were analyzed by Arc GIS software at each layer.After investigating their correlation with the fractal dimension, the regression analysis was performed binary and the relationship between the fractal dimension,topography, landforms and processes was analyzed. The fractal dimension has the highest correlation coefficient with the gradient and the standard deviation indices, and the lowest coefficient with the profile curvature and the mean index Moreover, for larger pixel sizes, the correlation coefficient decreases between the indices and the fractal dimension.This research can provide a ground for further research on fractal geometry in geography, geomorphology, geology, environment and other Earth sciences.
Nahid Bagheri, Mohammad Mohammad, Ezatollah Mafi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
From the time of human life until now, disasters have had a negative impact on human life; In response, individuals and communities are trying to mitigate the consequences of these disasters and establish scales to assess the initial effects; Also respond to the post-disaster needs and return to baseline. To address these challenges and, as a result, improve the quality of life in cities and metropolises, the need for long-term planning and decision-making in solving these problems is more necessary than ever. Therefore, dealing with new urban theories, each with the aim of solving urban problems, improving the quality and quantity of life of citizens in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, city management, advancing the city to become more desirable, and so on. , Is more important than ever. In recent decades, to solve these challenges and reduce its effects on metropolises and large cities, various solutions and perspectives have been proposed, one of which is to pay attention to the concept of resilient city. The present study is descriptive. - It is analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts and professors familiar with the topics of the city. 35 university professors and experts in the field of research determined the sample size intended to complete the questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the criterion of physical characteristics of tissue with the highest D-R value (0.672) is at the top of the chart and shows that this criterion is the most effective criterion. Also, based on the calculated D + R value, the building quality criterion is the most important criterion. Also, the urban infrastructure criterion was considered as the most influential criterion due to the fact that it has the lowest D-R value.
Mohammad Saghebi, Ezatollah Mafi, Mehdi Watanparast,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Nowadays, addressing approaches such as livability for today's cities as concepts that play an important role in reducing social, economic and environmental problems of cities is an inevitable necessity. In fact, livability is a concept with all angles and mental and objective dimensions Is concerned with human beings and seeks to create a healthier and more livable urban environment for current citizens of future generations; Therefore, livability is a new concept and approach in the paradigm of sustainable urban development, which some consider one of the greatest ideas of urban planning in modern times. In livable city, the goal is not only to meet the physical needs of urban society, but also to create a sense of citizen satisfaction According to this, the main purpose of this research is an analysis of urban livability in Bojnourd with emphasis on security index.
The purpose of the present study is applied and in terms of method: descriptive-analytical. Using GIS software, maps related to the status of each of the objective sub-indicators based on Bojnourd city police stations have been drawn. For mental indicators that have 8 items, a questionnaire The sample size in the whole city of Bojnourd is 383 people. The results of this study show that police station area 13 of Bojnourd (in region one) is the best area in terms of security index. The worst area in terms of security is related to police station area 12 (area two) in terms of index. It is security.
Zeinab Mohebbi, Dr Farzaneh Sasanpour, Dr Ali Shamaei, Dr Habib Fasihi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Today, cities are looking for advanced ways to improve their individual personality and one of the most important strategies is to characterize the characteristics of city branding, which can be a solution for the development and improvement of the city. Qom metropolis, as one of the religious and historical cities of Iran with a cultural-religious role at the national level, hosts a large number of tourists every year, but the tourists who stay in the city are very few and it seems that the city can find a solution. Have. development of the city. This research analyzes the composition of branding of Qom in metropolitan areas and finally determines the position and level of the metropolis based on branding ranking. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and research method. The researcher's self-made questionnaire was used in the field method. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts (30 people). The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha formula in SPSS 19 software equal to 0.76. TOPSIS method was used to rank the regions and Arc GIS 11 was used to produce the maps. Based on the obtained results, the 4th region of Qom city is in a favorable condition and the 2nd region is in an unfavorable condition, and the city of Qom is in an average condition in terms of management, physical and social, and in an unfavorable condition in terms of economy. Since the commercial and economic indicators of Qom metropolis are in a bad situation, paying attention to the increase of capital in the city can improve the urban environment, which as a result can be achieved as a resistance economy. From a physical point of view, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the elements and symbols of the city are permanent in the minds of the beneficiaries of the city.
Sara Kiani, Raziyeh Lak, Babak Najafi Ha, Ali Ahmad Abadi, Zahra Haftani,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Gorgan Bay is considered a geological landscape and a coastal sedimentary environment in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. The hydrodynamics of the coasts of this region is subject to the general hydrodynamics of the Caspian Sea. Due to the low slope topography of these beaches, the slightest change in the sea level will lead to hundreds of meters from place to place in the coastline of this area. Changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea is an environmental and coastal management problem, and today the decreasing trend of the water level of the Caspian Sea during the last few decades has caused destructive effects such as land formation on the coasts of Gorgan Bay. In order to investigate the effect of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea on the southern shores of Gorgan Bay in a period of 66 years, existing reports and studies have been used and field surveys have been used, and the coastlines of the studied area have been monitored through the processing of aerial photos from 1955 and Landsat satellite images. MSS, TM, ETM and +ETM have been carried out in the years 1975-2021 in Arc GIS and ENVI software. Coastal changes were processed during 4 periods. During this period, the level of the Caspian Sea water level fluctuated between -26.5 and -28.7 . Based on the results obtained from satellite images and field visits of Gorgan Bay, 1 stage of water level increase in the period of 1995-1985 by the amount of 131 square kilometers and 3 stages of water level decrease in the years 1955, 1985-1975 and 2021-1995 by the amount of It has covered 246 square kilometers.
Mahdi Frotan, Majid Rezaei Banafsheh Daragh ,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Climate change is a significant threat to water resources, potentially altering precipitation patterns and increasing the likelihood of droughts in certain regions. This study aims to project future drought conditions in the Aras Downstream Watershed for the period 2025-2050, employing CMIP6 climate models (NorESM2-LM, CanESM5, and MPI-ESM1-2-HR) and the CMhyd software. Historical daily precipitation data from the selected models were compared with data from five stations (Parsabad, Aslan Duz, Jafarabad, Dasht, and Shorgol) within the study watershed. The comparison was conducted using statistical metrics (R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE), and the results indicated the superior performance of the MPI-ESM1-2-HR model in precipitation estimation. This model was bias-corrected using the LS method in the CMhyd software, and future precipitation was projected based on the outputs of three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed on a three-month timescale to assess drought conditions. The findings revealed that the overall region will experience normal conditions based on SPI classifications. However, there will be a relatively higher potential for drought in the southern part of the watershed under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios compared to SSP1-2.6. The analysis of the network station averages indicated that the optimistic scenario suggests favorable conditions for the watershed, while the intermediate and pessimistic scenarios suggest a contrasting picture, with drought becoming prevalent across the entire region in the coming decades.
Mr Mohammd Yousefishatoori, Mr Morad Kaviani-Rad, Mrs. Zakieh Aftab,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
Land subsidence negatively affects infrastructure, humans, and the environment. Since climate change intensifies the hydrological cycle and the severity of climate extremes (floods, droughts, and fires) and poses a serious threat to the security of water resources, the study of the interaction between these important factors became important. In recent years, despite the issue of climate change and its impact on water security and land subsidence being raised in scientific, political, and media circles, the dimensions of this issue have remained unknown and have yielded different interpretations. The present study, which is of an applied nature and the required data were collected through a library method with the aim of achieving qualitative knowledge about the dimensions and angles of the climate change cycle, water security, and land subsidence in the Zayandeh Rood watershed, aims to identify the gaps in this field in addition to specifying the content and methodological features using a qualitative meta-analysis method. This study, using the qualitative meta-analysis method, examined 45 studies conducted between 2005 and 2014 in the form of domestic scientific research articles, theses and dissertations, and articles in reputable international journals. The results of the study showed that no comprehensive study has been conducted that has examined and analyzed the various dimensions of the climate change cycle, water security, and land subsidence in the Zayandeh Rood watershed. In this regard, the lack of accurate and real data is one of the shortcomings of the research conducted in this field.
M.f Mojgan Farajzadeh, J.t Jamileh Tavakolinia, M.k Mohsen Kalantari, M.r Mohammad Tagh Razaveian,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
The concept of regional resilience is one of the prominent concepts of the recent approach to resilience that has been emphasized by various researchers to deal with various regional crises, including flood risk crises. However, despite the research that has been conducted, there has not been the necessary coherence and continuity in identifying the components of regional resilience. On the other hand, in the various categories presented, the ranking and priority between the components of regional resilience have not been determined in general. The present study has reviewed the research conducted with the aim of identifying the components of regional resilience and achieving a reliable model. Therefore, to answer the questions 1. What are the main components related to regional resilience? and 2. Which of the components of regional resilience is most effective in dealing with floods? the meta-composition analysis method has been used. Thus, in the first stage, relevant articles were selected and validated between the period 2015 and 2023; Then, using various coding methods, regional resilience indicators were identified and categorized. This categorization was based on three principles of researchers’ theoretical knowledge, expert opinion, and an overlapping approach. The results showed that six economic, social, cultural resources, geography, physical infrastructure, and resilience components were identified as the main components of regional resilience in the face of flood risk. Also, in order to rank and determine the priority among the identified components, DEMATEL analysis and ISM interpretive structural complementary analysis were used. The results of these analyses showed that the economic component, as an independent variable with a higher level of influence, had a greater impact on other elements of the system in the face of floods. Also, in the analysis of intermediary (connective) components, the resilience component was ranked first. Given that the two components of economy and resilience have had a higher level of impact as independent and mediating components, respectively, it is necessary to emphasize economic resilience as the first priority of regional resilience programs to accelerate regional resilience programs and, as a result, provide greater capacities to deal with flood risk.
Safaa Nayef Soltan Al-Hamami, Ali Sadeghi, Amirreza Khavarian Garmsiri,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2007)
Abstract
In the city of Naseriyah, uneven urban development trends—caused by weaknesses in the planning system, unequal distribution of public services, and the concentration of investment in central or specific areas—have led to deep spatial disparities between neighborhoods. Consequently, spatial inequality acts as a structural barrier to sustainable development. This study seeks to propose appropriate strategic approaches for achieving urban sustainable development and spatial justice using a combination of SWOT and QSPM tools. Accordingly, in line with the research objective, this study is descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was carried out through both documentary-library and field methods. The statistical population includes experts and university faculty members active in the field of urban planning and management. A total of 30 participants were selected as the research sample through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted using the combined strategic analysis model (SWOT) and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results showed that based on the final score of 2.276 in the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix and 2.537 in the External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, the selected strategy falls into cell (V) of the strategy matrix, indicating a "conservative strategy" approach. Additionally, results from the QSPM model revealed that, based on the attractiveness weight scores, the top strategic priority is “designing and implementing a comprehensive urban plan to achieve sustainable urban development.” This is followed, in order of priority, by “reforming the structure of urban management,” “enhancing public services,” “economic sustainability with an emphasis on spatial justice,” “rebuilding waste and sewage infrastructure,” and “developing heritage-based tourism utilizing local capacities.” Achieving urban sustainability requires simultaneous attention to economic, social, environmental, and cultural dimensions, as well as strategic planning and targeted interventions.
Nader Parvin,
Volume 17, Issue 46 (9-2017)
Abstract
studying and identifying the middle levels change affecting the formation of a circular pattern creation is inevitable. In this study, the annual rainfall data for selected stations Zab River Basin during the period 2015-1986 were the standard time. After indexing and spatial-temporal threshold, 184 days without rainfall were selected in the wet period of three severe drought in the region. Level 500 HP height data located in the range of 0 to 80 degrees northern latitude and eastern longitude on dry days as a matrix S_Mode were used and these data using principal component analysis were processed using modern statistical methods. Based on the correlation matrix, the main focus of the 500 HP topography of the basin dry days were identified and analyzed. The results show that, in the happening time of dry days, twelve atmospheric middle levels of height change focus have been effective. In this regard, the following two centers having the highest anomalies (R≥0.7) are detected according to the high levels of the atmosphere: 1) the center of Eurasia-Africa, 2) the center of West Africa, respectively, 48% and 10% of the total area of the study. Such changes in middle atmospheric levels cause to strengthen and deepen the traffic axis and on the ridges. In the meantime, the change of first center has the highest impact on creation of stability and domination of dryness in days of Zab River Basin.
, , ,
Volume 17, Issue 46 (9-2017)
Abstract
This research tends to analyze and assess the impact of intercity flows rate on land use changes around the community roads of the cities of Babol, Ghaem Shahr and Sari. This research is descriptive-analytic and performed in quantitative method. A wide range of techniques including gravity model, flow analysis model, entropy analysis and GIS software environment were applied for performing required analysis. Research findings show that increase in passenger transfer and cargo transit in the community roads of the cities of Babol, Ghaem Shahr and Sari, resulted in increase in applications for land use changes around these roads; of course, the impact of passenger transfer (with correlation coefficient of 0.72) was higher than cargo transit (with correlation coefficient of 0.43). Concerning their existing interactions and multicenter of the studied area (based on entropy analysis), codification of control system and integrated spatial management is hereby suggested in form of a comprehensive urban plan toward supervising and managing land use changes in suburban areas of the aforesaid cities.
,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
In recent decades, developing urban tourism as one of major economic activities in different countries has caused many managers and planners to consider increased quality of tourism experience and protecting interests of host communities to expand the activities of this industry, knowing potentials, existing problems, decision making and planning. To do so, strategic planning can be propounded as a response to difficulties occurred due to lack of appropriate planning in tourism. In core tourism like all other commercial activities, strategic tourism should be depicted. So, one of strategic planning models used to develop tourism particularly urban tourism is a traditional model called SWOT. Therefore, in present study, it has been endeavored of Shahr-e-kord located in Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari as well as to analyze difficulties and problems existing in respect of Shahr-e-kord tourism. His study is a descriptive-analytic one and was done using filed studies and data gathered through evidence and libraries, questionnaires (considering the attitude of 70 officials and tourists) and Internet. Then, data was analyzed using excel software and strategic model of SWOT. Results suggested that due to having high capacities for tourism, Shahr-e-kord suffers from lack of enough infrastructure problems. On the other hand, it encompasses opportunities for educated young people to be employed and for investing. Some of major solutions to develop tourism are to increase advertisement, provide welfare and accommodation facilities, attract investment and be protected by government.
Dr. Abdolmajid Lababpour,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
Providing enough microalgae biomass is required for various applications in sectors such as food, medicine and energy. The biomass resources such as land, water, nutrient and carbon dioxide are essential in cultivation feasibility study for biomass production as well as cost benefits. The aims of this research is therefore, site assessment and prioritization of potential site locations, carbon dioxide and water requirement for microalgae biomass production in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea coastal areas. This analysis was undertaken to provide a preliminary assessment of the demands that may be expected on land, water, and CO2 resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea coastal areas required for the large volume of biomass feedstock production by autotrophic microalgae. Emphasize was placed on the finding proper sites to achieve higher biomass productivity. The areas were selected to provide examples where geographical differences in water evaporation and solar resources, land availability profiles, water demand profiles and stationary CO2 sources would be possible alternatives for large scale production.
Alimohammad Khorshiddoust, Behrooz Sarraf, Bagher Ghermez Cheshmeh, Mrs Fatemeh Jafarzadeh,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
In recent years, the severe fluctuations in precipitation have affected various parts of the country. On the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea, precipitation as one of the important climatic parameters has undergone changes due to global climate change. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the effect of climate change on rainfall in this region by applying a suitable model. In this study, observational period rainfall (1961-2001) was analyzed. the output of the HadCM3 model was used. At first, seven synoptic stations were selected and their data were analyzed in terms of accuracy, and length of statistical period, and lost data was restored. The AOGCM data were simulated using the SDSM model and the rainfall values were simulated for the observation period. After confirming the matching of the simulated data with observational data, the values of the Future (2039-2011) is estimated. The estimation errors of the SDSM model were calculated monthly by MBE and MAE criteria, and then compared. The output of the SDSM model was used to study the total annual precipitation in days with rainfall of more than 1 mm in the observation period and the upcoming period (2011-2039) by the R-Climdex model and the values of the PRCPTOT index Became zoning in the Future. The results showed that the model error in season with high rainfall is more than seasons with low rainfall. On a monthly scale, the maximum error occurred in the months of September, October, November and December. The maximum error in the fall and the minimum error was calculated in the spring and April and May months. According to the results, the total annual rainfall in the period of 2039-2011 will decrease in Anzali, Babolsar, Gorgan and Noshahr stations and rainfall will increase in stations of Astara, Ramsar and Rasht. Geographical distribution of selected were 5 sites in the Khuzestan, 20 sites in Bushehr, 24 sites in Hormozghan and 12 sites in Sistan and Baluchistan provinces. In total, 9000 sites were selected with a 2 km2 were suitable for large scale microalgae cultivation. The total area of these sites were estimated to be 18000 km2. The highest number of proper sites were found in Hormozghan province and lowest numbers of sites were found in Khuzestan province. The availability of technical service, carbon dioxide point resources from oil and gas units are an advantages for microalgae related activities in the Bushehr and Khuzestan provinces. The higher quality of water in the Sistan and Baluchistan province is an advantages for development of microalgae biomass production in the area.
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Ali Reza Karbalaee Doree, Sayyed Mohammad Hosseini, ,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most important natural hazards in cities that is one of the priorities of climate research. In this research, synoptic situation of days polluted by ozone in Tehran have been studied and by environmental to circulation approach and cluster analysis. At first, was formed a matrix in 2417*41. Rows are indicated days and columns represent the number of stations. by cluster analysis and Ward method eight different clusters were identified. The results showed that the frequency of the ozone days have a seasonal trend and more can be seen in the first half of year in these cases the establishment subtropical high pressure in Iran. Therefore, cause the persistency of pollution in Tehran.
Farzaneh Sasanpour, , ,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
Urbanization bubble is a new concept in urban planning issues for examining sustainability at various levels of social, economic, environmental, and management. So far, no common definition provided for urbanization bubble that indicate a lack of research in this field. This research aimed at assessing futures studies of urbanization bubble in Tehran metropolitan with focus on scenario planning. Research method in term of purpose is applied and in term of method is exploratory descriptive analytic one. Required data gathered through field study and document review. In field studies, Delphi technique performed in the form of a group of 30 people. For data analyzing, cross impact analyzes used in MICMAC software. Results indicate that 56 factors identified as key factors in five institutional, managerial, economic, social and environmental dimensions affecting future condition of urbanization bubble. Then, based on experts’ comments, 25 agents identified. Dispersion of the variables indicates the instability of Tehran's metropolitan system. Five categories of influential, dual, regulatory, influential and independent factors identified. Final scores and ranking of key factors carried out and finally, three scenarios presented for the future status of urbanization bubble in Tehran metropolitan.
Mrs Malihe Mohammadnia, Dr Gholamabbas Fallah,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
Landslide, due to its dangerous nature in mountainous areas, usually causes morphology to suddenly collapse and causes major damage to residential areas, roads, agricultural lands, and so on. In this study, using the AHP model and fuzzy logic operators, we evaluated and zoned the landslide sensitivity in the Pseudogene basin in Razavi Khorasan province. The eight main criteria of elevation, slope, tilt direction, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from the fault, geology and land use associated with the occurrence of landslide phenomena were examined in total. The sub-criteria were weighted and fuzzy using the Frequency Ratio Model. The weight of the criteria was also determined using the AHP model. Then the landslide susceptibility map was prepared using fuzzy operators 9 / 0.8 / 0 and 0.7 and verified using the ROC curve. The results showed that the gradient factor had the most effect and land use factor had the least effect on the occurrence of slip in the basin. Validation results of the model showed a 90% accuracy of the landslide sensitivity map with a 0.7% operator in the basin. Therefore, the fuzzy gamma model with the 7th operator provides the best form of landslide susceptibility map in the Pseudogene basin.
Fatemeh Ghiasabadi Farahani, Faramarz Khoshakhlagh, Aliakbar Shamsipour, Ghasem Azizi, Ebrahim Fattahi,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
The present research about the spatial changes of precipitation is mainly focused on western areas of Iran. Precipitation data for three seasons of fall, winter, and spring have been obtained from Esafzari Database, with 15*15 km spatial resolution in the form of a Lambert Cone Image System for the period from 1986 to 2015. To examine the prevailing pattern of precipitation in west of Iran, we have used geostatistical methods of spatial autocorrelation. The changes in precipitation trends have been analyzed using parametric and non-parametric analyses of regression and Mann Kendal. We have used MATLAB for analysis of the data. We have also used ArcGIS and Surfer for drawing maps. The results of inter-decade changes of positive spatial autocorrelation of precipitation in west of Iran have indicated that there has been a decline in spatial extent of the positive spatial autocorrelation pattern in spring and fall, except for winter with a negligible increasing trend. Nevertheless, except for the second period, no considerable spatial changes were observed in the spatial pattern of precipitation in the region. However, there was a decreasing trend in the negative spatial autocorrelation of precipitation in annual and seasonal scales. The results of trend analysis have indicated that there was a decreasing trend in a vast area of the west parts of the country in annual scale and also in winter. Although there was an increasing trend in precipitation in fall and spring, but the trend was not significant in 95 % of confidence interval. The results of Man Kendal test have confirmed the results obtained from linear regression.
Farzaneh Sasanpour, Sara Alizadeh, Hourieh Aarabi Moghadam,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
Livability approach is defined as the healthy, safe, suitable and economically accessible urban system that brings about high life quality and is considered as a subset of sustainable development. Although investigating urban livability can be advantageous in identifying deficiencies and taking actions in order to improve livability of the living environment of residents, but unfortunately there has been inadequate considerations about livability theory in Iran. the result, in this study, the livability of Urumia city has been investigated. Firstly, after devising 24 factors in 4 aspects (Physical-Environmental, Economic, Social and Health) this index was evaluated in urban areas by using newly invented model RALSPI with descriptive-analytical approach. Finally, based on this model, the areas were placed within the range of very livable to intolerable, so that District #1 was determined as the best area with livability score of 0.31 and District #2 was determined as the most unlivable area with the score of 0.007. This issue revealed a huge gap between the areas of the city.
