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In geopolitics literature, small and low-endowment states that compound lesser geopolitical potentiality and weight are considered as the trivial scale agents in comparison with the first and second level powers. These agents, in spite of the local geopolitical codes but sometimes can effect on the regional and even global events of geopolitics. The Caucasian region, historically, have had a field for appearance and exposition of sub-khans that their overall actions and agencies effected the events of the region and due to its cultural proximities to Iran, have effected in Iran’s geopolitical functions in national scale. The present paper with descriptive-analytical method, have studied historical role of the local agencies in geopolitical events of the Caucasia and their impression on the great scale events. Secondly, the paper has studied the quality of the chosen countries of the region in current circumstances of the global system. Results indicate that the Caucasian countries act according to their historical legacy as a small-scale agents among the great scale actors.

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Drought is one of the natural disasters whose long-term effects affect the economy and society. This phenomenon is considered a challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. Nowadays, the use of remote sensing methods can help us in understanding the drought behavior of vegetation. In order to monitor and analyze the behavior of drought in Kermanshah province, the data of Sanjande Weathers products (VIIRS) and AVHRR data indexed by NOAA STAR were used. In this study, the Vegetation Health Index was used in the period of 1982-2021 in a seven-day format with a spatial resolution of 4 x 4 km. After extracting the data in the Kermanshah area, the vegetation drought trend was investigated on 65,387 cells using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that in the winter season, the trend of vegetation cover in the western areas of the province was decreasing and significant at the level of 0.05. While in the northern, central and eastern regions of the province, the trend is increasing and significant. In the spring and summer seasons, especially the months of June, July, August and September, which correspond to the dry months of the year, the size of the areas with a significant decreasing trend of vegetation cover has increased, while in the autumn season, with the beginning of the water year, the size of the areas with a decreasing trend has decreased. 

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One of the climatic characteristics of temperature is the occurrence of extreme temperature. In the present study, the trend of hot days with extreme temperature associated with the coastal plains of the Persian Gulf was investigated. Two environmental and atmospheric databases were used. Environmental data include the average of daily maximum temperature reported from 12 synoptic stations in Persian Gulf coastline (Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Bandar Abbas Provinces) from 1961 to the end of 2018. The extreme temperature for each day temperature was defined to be higher than the average of 75th percentile of the observations at each station and on the same day. Also, the ‘day with extreme temperature’ was applied to a day when the extreme temperature occurred in at least 50% of the stations. The number of hot days with extreme temperature in the study is 554 days, of which 291 days occurred in the warm season and 263 days in the cold season. These days were classified into six groups by performing cluster analysis on sea-level pressure in hot days. Then, for each group, the trend of hot days was examined. In general, it can be concluded that the slope of the line in all groups except the fourth and sixth groups were positive and, as a result, hot days with extreme temperature were increasing.

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In today's world, due to the pervasiveness of the Internet and electronic information, one of the tasks of urban management is to improve the quality of life of citizens, their access, and the optimal use of urban electronic services. These services can help improve the geographical situation of the city due to reducing the need for physical movement of citizens, reducing
traffic and pollution and increasing access to services.
However, if the urban management fails to use and implement this type of service properly, there will be a negative attitude towards e-services for citizens. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of urban management performance on the quality of life and the behavioral intention to use urban electronic services with an emphasis on citizen satisfaction in Mashhad metropolis. In this research, through library studies, literature review and previous researches, 67 indicators (items) have been extracted and categorized in the form of 19 components. After calculating the statistical sample size of the research through Cochran's formula, 478 questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Mashhad. Finally, the components were evaluated using structural equation modeling with partial in Smart PLS3 software. Findings indicate that the citizens of Mashhad are moderately satisfied with the components and study subjects. The results obtained from structural equations show that The "Communications" component with a path coefficient of 0.87 affects the performance of urban management and the "Work facilitation" component with a path coefficient of 0.841 affects citizens' satisfaction with electronic services. The performance of urban management with a path coefficient of 0.717 affects the citizens' satisfaction with electronic services. Also, these two factors affect the quality of life with 0.58 and 0.252, respectively, and satisfaction with electronic services affects behavioral intention with 0.757. The urban management of Mashhad can pay attention to the results obtained from this research to achieve a city with desirable and satisfactory electronic services.

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Land use planning is one of the essential aspects of sustainable urban development, aiming to balance land use in urban areas. This study seeks to identify the factors influencing the realizability of service land uses in Zanjan city through a futures studies approach. Data collection employed a combination of library and field methods. In the field phase, the Delphi method was used, engaging 35 experts in urban planning, urban management, and housing, who assessed key factors across two rounds of questionnaires.
A total of 36 factors were identified across five dimensions: legal, economic, socio-cultural, physical-spatial, and managerial. The data were analyzed using MICMAC software. The results indicated that "urban land use laws and regulations" and "service location and spatial distribution" scored the highest direct influence values (85 and 82, respectively), playing the most significant roles in realizing service land uses. Key barriers identified include weak institutional coordination, inappropriate physical development policies, and lack of effective citizen participation. Cross-impact matrix analysis revealed a 55.32% fill rate, indicating a system of interdependent and mutually influential factors that contribute to the instability of service land use realizability. The study proposed solutions to improve the current situation, including: Revising urban laws and regulations, Strengthening institutional coordination among relevant bodies, Utilizing modern technologies such as GIS for proper service location planning, and Enhancing citizen participation culture in urban planning. The findings not only identified key influential factors but also emphasized the importance of considering multidimensional and sustainable aspects in service land use planning. This research provides a foundation for sustainable development and spatial justice in Zanjan city.

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Qarabagh region and consequently Zangzor Corridor is of special importance for Iran due to its geopolitical and geoeconomic capabilities. This practical article is devoted to the explanation of the future scenarios for Iran caused by the Zangzor Corridor. The methodology governing the research is descriptive and analytical. The required data has been collected by library and field methods and analyzed using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software. The results of the research showed six variables: Israel's presence in the Karabakh region, the location of the Karabakh region in the orbit of the US and the West, Iran's gas export, especially to Turkey, Iran's territorial integrity (especially the Turkic provinces), Iran's transit role in international transportation, and Iran's geopolitical position. They were chosen as the key influencing variables of Zangzor Corridor on Iran. In this regard; The possible situations related to six scenarios with strong compatibility showed: the situations that describe the scenarios facing Iran as critical due to the impact of the Zangzor Corridor, include the most possible possible situations. On this basis, the scenario of geopolitical collapse was formulated and it was concluded that the future of Iran's security in the Caucasus depends on its ability to create an effective strategy for managing challenges and exploiting opportunities. Only by strengthening regional cooperation and adopting prudent policies, Iran can take steps to protect its national interests and ensure stable security in this region

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A creative city is a vibrant place that fosters cultural and intercultural learning, where every resident feels confident in their knowledge, skills, and cultural awareness. A creative city emphasizes characteristics that make the city more appealing to its residents. The objective of this research is a comparative assessment of Tehran’s metropolitan districts based on creative city indicators. This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and applied in terms of purpose. Data collection was conducted using a documentary-library method across four dimensions: quality of life, human capital, social capital, and innovation. The WASPAS decision-making model was used for ranking the districts, and the entropy model was applied to weight the indicators. The innovation of this research lies in its use of a comparative approach and a new model for identifying and evaluating creative city indicators at the urban district scale (Tehran metropolis).The results from employing the WASPAS decision-making model reveal differences among the 22 districts of Tehran concerning creative city indicators. The ranking of districts in terms of being a creative city shows that seven districts (6, 1, 12, 3, 4, 2, and 7) have favorable conditions. Eight districts were found to have moderate conditions, while seven districts (19, 18, 16, 21, 17, 10, and 9)respectively, were in unfavorable conditions and prioritized for urban development planning. Moreover, the findings showed that the economic dimension of the creative city had the highest number of districts (17) in unfavorable conditions.

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All the water vapor of atmosphere is contained in a column of the atmosphere that is capable of precipitation and it is from the ground to the final of water vapor called perceptible water. This element influenced by topography and height. The purpose of this study is survey about impact of local and spatial factors on distribution of perceptible water maximums in Iran.For this reason, pressure data, especially moisture, orbital and meridional components extracted from NCEP/NCAR and analysis. Correlation and regression methods were used in this study. In order to better survey about perceptible water gradient changes and gradient changes of maximum of perceptible water has been calculated. Results showed that among the spatial factors, height has greatest impact on the spatial distribution of the maximum of perceptible water. Unlike many scientists who believe that by increasing the latitude perceptible water reduced, this rule is less In Iran atmosphere. However, most of the gradient changes of perceptible water occurred in some parts of the Zagros highlands, West and South West. The results of cycle analysis showed that the maximums of perceptible water in Iran have short term cycles between 2 to 4 years.

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With the aim of development and reducing regional inequalities, regional planning is one of the most important subiects in developing countries. Regional planning requires the identification of the position of areas relative to each other in terms of their development. The aim of this study is to investigate and assess the level of Kermanshah province in terms of development indicators in order to find out the level of regional inequalities. The population of Kermanshah province is considered as statistical population. According to the investigated parameters of the research approach, it is “Descriptive - quantitative and analytical". This research is trying to use the 61 indicators based on 1390 almanac statistics and utilizes three statistical techniques of Vikor, Electre, SAW and integration of  results with Copeland  technique, classify existing inequalities in Kermanshah province. The results show that the Levels of development has been unbalanced and there is large gap and inequality among different cities of province in terms of development. The difference and inequality exist in various sectors of infrastructure such as economic, health, education, culture, social welfare and social. Only one city Gilangharb is developed and the rest of cities are semi- developed and deprived. To reduce inequalities in development in the province it is suggested that distribution of health, education and infrastructure indicators should be directed towards balanced growth and the index of infrastructure be emphasized more than the other indicators.                                            
 

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Transportation networks‚ particularly roads as a linking elements between settlements has a significant role in the exchange of flows between urban and rural areas and also rural development .The aim of this paper is to study the effect of highways construction and expanding transportation on rural stable development in the rural district of eastern Miankouh which by using survey method (questionnaire) have been turned to the studying of highways construction on development quality of adjacent villages in this rural district. In this study ‚mean time of defining the population community (514 family)‚ the 103 family was selected as a sample with Cochran formula (12 villages).The result of achieved data analysis‚ on the basis of‚ fitting regression test‚ linear regression and path analysis showed that the most general effect of highway construction is relevant to the environmental dimension with amount of (0/591) so that the contamination of soil and water resources have been increased in rural areas. Also using of fertilizers and pesticides is been prevalent. The amount of demolition of water resources such as springs and water channeling have been increased in the rural boundary. and also pastures‚ forests and fertile lands have been allocated to the building constructions and forming dimension with amount of (0/058) has the least overall effect on the rural stable development in the boundary of studying area.

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Trees can record long-term effects of climate variables. Using dendroclimatology knowledge, we can reconstruct such variables especially for areas which have short-term climatic data. For this purpose, we reconstructed the temperature degree of the warm months (May-September) through annual rings width of Quercus persica and regression analysis of data obtained from stations on Dena region. With this goal in mind, three growth heights were selected in Dena Forests and 52 growth samples from 26 bases were extracted and their growth rings width were measured with LINTAB5 with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. After cross dating stage, to eliminate non-climate effects, May to September temperature average and tree rings time series were standardized. The Residual Chronology (RES) calculated by ARSTAN was calibrated with temperature degree of the period 1882-2011 and its positive and significant correlation with the width of growth rings was confirmed. Based on the relations between the calculated chronology and joint statistical temperature degree data, the reconstruction of temperature degree of the warm seasons for over a century was performed and it was found that in the last three decades, region's average temperature of May to September had an increase in comparison to the average of the previous century.  

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Precipitation is one of the most intractable elements. The oscillating behavior of the crucial environmental planning (explicit and tacit knowledge of the behavior), is the key variable. Spectrum analysis techniques to understand the behavior of overt or covert methods suitable for the extraction and analysis of climate oscillations with different wave lengths. The size range of the distribution variance across all wave lengths may provide time series. In this study, data from 37 stations Heleh and Mond watershed (both rain and synoptic) from its inception until 2011,  who had over 30 years of data, to analyze the cycle of annual rainfall, interest has been taken. So that the space is 3-2 year cycles in every area of study, the highest annual rainfall events are returned. On this basis, the Story of annual precipitation 95 percent for each of the stations under study and cycle meaningful estimate of the time series of basin data were extracted.

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Urban segregation has been a problem of many cities of the world. Many researchers have interested in the urban segregation issues. Urban segregation has strongly concentrated poverty and created underclass. Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, and depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. To understand and plan a better community, urban planners needs to know how to measure the segregation and interpret the results. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most used multigroup measures of residential segregation (8 indicators) in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software. In general, the results show the occurrence of segregation in the medium amount to the high amount and by the calculated values of 0/7177, 0/5785, 0/5474 – 1, 0/5407, 0/3969, 0/3759, 0/3613, 0/3375 in the city of Shiraz. On the other hand, the use of Hot spots Analysis in the study area shows that the greatest concentrations of the socio-economic high group are in almost near the center of Shiraz city and the northwest of city, and for the socio-economic medium group exists in the west of city. Also there is the greatest concentration of the socio-economic low group in the southwest of Shiraz city.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the natural result of human activities. If an appropriate management system do not use to this problem, it may lead to environmental pollution and jeopardize the human health. Landfill site selection in urban areas is a critical issue due to its huge impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health. Therefore, numerous criteria must be considered and the selection process is a complicated since it has to integrate social, environmental and technical parameters. In this study, the most suitable candidate sites for locating landfill in Shahrood-Bastam watershed, as a case study area are determined by using an integration of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. For this purpose, 12 data layers including Elevation, Stream density, Fault density, Habituate density, distance to road, plan curvature, lithology, slope, Temperature, soil, land use and distance to protected area extracted with Arc GIS 10.1 are prepared and one of MCDM methods which is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is implemented. For determination of criteria weight, analytic hierarchy process was used. Lithology, land use and slope criteria with the highest score (0.24, 0.18, and 0.14) had the greatest impact on landfilling. The results showed that, zone 2 for the reason of low fault and drainage density, suitable distance of Urban areas, appropriate slope, topography and lithology has obtained the lowest Euclidean distance from ideal positive (0.026), the highest Euclidean distance from ideal negative (0.228), and the lowest relative distance from the ideal solution (0.894), as a result, The greatest weight and highest priority is allocated for landfill. The results of this research will be fruitful in systemic management approach of urban regions

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In this research, the relationship between NCPI and CACO indices with autumn precipitation of Southern Coast of Caspian Sea (SCCS) was investigated. In this regard, two sets of data were used (Aphrodite and Station). And the days with more rainfall than long-term average rainfall station and on condition that the rainfall is more than 70% of the region rainfall, were chosen as a day of widespread rainfall. The sea level pressure data was extracted and by cluster analysis and coalition method was clustered. Then, a representative of the widespread precipitation days from station dataset was selected, investigated and analyzed accordingly. The results state that within all patterns there exists a high pressure on the upper side of the Caspian Sea, or a margin of high pressure is extended on to the sea itself. These high pressure regions have relatively cold nature that can cause currents in the northern direction while intersecting with the relatively warm water during the summer. These currents can absorb moisture during their motion towards south which can lead to their instability. In addition, one should not forget the fact that in each three investigated patterns, dynamic factors at high levels have intensified the abovementioned phenomenon and enhanced the instability, which as a result brought about widespread precipitation. Continuously, the abovementioned Remote bond indices were extracted on a daily basis and their relation to north coast widespread rainfalls was studied, which came to a meaningful relationship between these index sets and fall index sets. The relationship is direct with NCPI or surveyed stations, and it’s an inverse relationship with CACO. On the other hand, the study of indexes anomalies on the days without rainfall and with rainfall was done by One Way ANOVA and Tukey test. The result was a meaningful index anomaly on the days with and without rainfall.

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