Summer catchment basins surrounding the city of Tehran, due to their remoteness from atmospheric pollution and urban manifestations, is considered as a place for exploring and recreating for many people, and as a place for money making out of restaurants attracting many tourists for others. Sangan is taken into consideration as one of the most beautiful valleys in Northwest of Tehran. The summer catchment basins due to the phenomenon of counter urbanization and also escape from city pollution, easy access, and short distance, has taken too much attention, so much that the inhabitants mostly spend winter in Tehran and summer there. Since some buildings have been built along the main river, the study of the effectiveness of riparian zone and also the specification of areas susceptible to flood is of great importance. In this research, using the HEC-RAS RAS model, flood- prone areas with different return periods (2 to 100 years old) were calculated, and then for the floodplain zoning the morphological characteristics of the flood zones gathered during the fieldwork have been used. The careful study of these flood fringe zones indicates that a small percentage of the lands are included in flood hazard zone with the 25-year return period. Also, the comparison of the pictures taken from the Sangan River in the past and present shows that the use of lands in the river bank has been changed and due to unauthorized constructions and gardening along the river, the width of the bed has dramatically been decreased. This factor increases the size of the floodplain area and consequently the damages.

Identifying barriers and adaptation requirements is crucial for the successful implementation of climate change adaptation practices at the local level, especially in mountainous rural communities with limited local resources and technology. Due to the importance of this issue, in the present study, the barriers and requirements for adaptation to climate change in mountainous villages were investigated. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, free interview and observation of the researcher from the study area. The statistical population of rural households is Papi section of Khorramabad city (N = 2346). Using Cochranchr('39')s formula and sampling method, 330 households were selected as a sample. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and exponential exploratory co-integration rank test (Johansen method) were used. The results showed that farmers in the mountainous villages of the study area face several adaptation barriers that are more serious institutional, normative, technological and information and cognitive barriers. Given that adaptation conditions are an important factor in reducing or eliminating adaptation barriers and improving farmerschr('39') adaptation capacity to climate change, local economic development, local infrastructure, production technology, and the granting of micro-credentials are the most prominent adaptation requirements in these were the grounds. In addition, due to the effective role of government, cooperatives and villagers themselves in rural development, a rational adaptation framework for selecting optimal adaptation strategies in cooperation with these three, as appropriate regional adaptation measures and policies for research proposals was presented.

  Geotourism is one of the important ecotourism species with a responsible and conservation-oriented approach that emphasizes the popularization of the earth sciences and the cultural, social and economic development of indigenous communities. Geosite, as the concept of the basis of geotourism, emphasizes places with geological or geomorphologic values, along with added and complementary values. In order to evaluate the geotourism conditions of a region and to assess its capabilities for management, it is necessary to value Geotourism has been identified and evaluated. The city of Firozkouh, with its numerous heritage land, is one of the areas prone to geotourism. In this research, through library and survey methods and using geotechnical assessment methods including Fascias method, GAM method and land degradation method, the city's geocytes from different perspectives were evaluated and analyzed. The results show that most of the geocytes of the region have a weak link with the native community despite their high profile and high educational potential and aesthetic value, and their vulnerability and their risk of collapse are increasing. It also faces a major challenge in terms of conservation and tourism services. In proritizing geosites, the Waznah geosite, Vashi Strait and Burnik Cave were favorable for investment and marketing. Also, in terms of Geopark capabilities, it turned out that the city could not become an independent geopark, but could play an important role as part of the geopark of Damavand.