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Iran's rural settlements, in spite of their comprehensive and multi-faceted developments in the last decades, are still considered to be among the settlements faced with crucial challenges in the face of environmental hazards. As a result, prearrangement for upcoming events and disasters, as well as paying attention to the management of rural disaster in dealing with particularly natural events turn out to be necessary. The rural areas of Sarwabad, in Kurdistan, are also considered among the areas susceptible to natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and landslides. The purpose of the research is the identification of settlements, and safe and hazardous landslide zones with particular focus on disaster management in Sarwabad. This research is methodologically analytical and essentially functional, and, by using geographical information system (GIS) and the analytical hierarchical process (AHP), the researchers analyzed the data and the layers and provided the ultimate version of combined hazard maps and also overlaying maps for the purpose of factorial assessment. The findings have been in the form of spatio-populatory analysis of the settlements, and resulted in identifying the safe and unsafe villages and zones. Moreover, it is found that nearly 46 percent of the rural population and 31 villages of the area are located in safe or low-hazard-level landslides, while the rest of the settlements and rural population are located in the mid and high-hazard-level zones and, as such, are need to be secured in these zones.

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Housing enjoys a multilateral functioning in the rural system. One of the aspects highlighted by planning system is the renewal and rehabilitation of housing. In our country, Iran, development of rural housing has experienced a growing trend, especially in the physical and structural aspects. However, a large part of the rural population in different areas of the country is living in non-resistant and less durable housing. This article attempts to analyze the spatial distribution and quality of rural housing in the country. In this article it is tried to address and analyze the spatial distribution of quality and construction of rural housing in various provinces in the country. The data was derived from document studies. The quality of rural housing in 9 indices has been measured for each province of the country. Data has been analyzed using VIKOR method for the multi-criteria decision analysis. Finally, the classification of provinces based on the construction and quality of rural housing was conducted using K cluster analysis in SPSS and output was drawn in GIS as a map. The results showed that there is a significant difference and distinction in the types of materials used in the rural settlements. Such that a significant percentage of the houses are made out of bricks, iron and stone that somehow confirms the durability and normal quality. In terms of spatial and local distribution it can also be said that the quality of rural housing in most of the provinces (i.e. 24 provinces) are in low-quality, medium and/or appropriate levels. Meanwhile, only three provinces of Mazandaran, Azerbaijan Sharghi and Kerman enjoy the excellent quality in rural housing construction.

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The cognition of cropping pattern is important for planning and resource management .Remote sensing as a science and technology of spatial information and geographic information system due to having the analytical facilities can play a key role in determining the distribution of crops and their lands under cultivation. In this research, in order to identify and separate the lands under cultivation of the dominant crops in Lenjanat of Isfahan province, the multi-temporal images of Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor were used in the dates of April 17, July 6, and August 23 in 2016. Using maximum likelihood classification and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the agriculture crops in different periods of growth and according to their cropping calendar, the map of the cropping pattern of the area was determined. To evaluate the accuracy of the results, the produced maps were examined with reference data. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were 0.88 and 90%, respectively, in maximum likelihood classification, and 0.90 and 93%, respectively, in NDVI. Furthermore, statistics presented by Agricultural Jihad Organization of Isfahan province in the 2015-2016 crop year was used for evaluation. The results showed that there were differences equal to 10.2%, 18.6% and 1.8%, in the area under cultivation of wheat and barley, rice, and potato and forage, respectively, in maximum likelihood classification, comparing with the statistics of Agriculture Jihad while the results of NDVI comparing with Jihad statistics showed the errors equal to 6.6 %, 6.5 % and 3.2%, respectively, that indicated the better performance of temporal vegetation indices in estimation of area under cultivation according to its phenology. Investigation of land use and cropping pattern of this area indicate a high centralization of agricultural lands with high water requirements and industries on the proximity of Zayanderud River which necessitates the spatial analysis of land use in this area.

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The diversification of economic activities in rural areas is considered as a strategy where rural households increase their income sources. The villages of Saqez city, despite having high environmental potential and capacity in different sectors, such as agriculture, have a poor livelihood and economic status. Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the following questions: What are the appropriate strategies for diversifying economic activities in the villages of Saqiz? The present study was conducted through descriptive-analytic method. In a survey method, SWOC analysis model and QSPM evaluation matrix, we presented appropriate strategies. To design a strategic model and determine the ranking of factors 20 from experts and also to factor out the factors of 300 villagers in the area. The study sample is selected as sample. The results of the SWOC model show that the existence of an appropriate ecosystem in the region for tourism development, the existence of four climates in the region and the possibility of cultivation in each season, as well as the presence of the leading farmers in the region, are the most important strengths against the weakness of the financial and economic context of many Villagers and traditional exploitation are the most important internal weaknesses for diversifying economic activities in the study area. Also, the results of this model indicate that in the external environment 34 opportunities have been identified, the attention of the authorities to the conversion and complementary industries, the border area and the suitable field for exporting agricultural products to the Iraqi countries, are the most important external opportunities and in contrast to 36 challenges and limitations. The key factors of the migration and exodus of elite educated to Tehran and neighboring provinces, climate change and increasing natural hazards such as floods and droughts are the most important external barriers affecting the diversification of economic activities in the villages of the study area. Also, the results indicate It gives diversification of the activities of the economy The studied villages should be focused on strengths and opportunities.

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