Iran is among the countries which id most vulnerable to natural disasters, especially earthquakes. This natural phenomenon creates a disaster in an area of Iran every few years and destroys the human and financial potentials of the country and it has also irreversible mental and emotional consequences. Due to the unexpected nature of most natural disasters and the need for rapid and accurate decision-making and implementation process, fundamental and theoretical basis has created a knowledge called crisis management. Bojnord city is the center of Bojnord town in North Khorasan province and is the largest city in the province. The city is one of the high altitudes of North Khorasan and is a mountainous region from the natural perspective. Based on census population in 2011, Bojnord has a population over 207,196 people. Bojnord is one of the cities that are located in a zoning with a very high relative risk. Moses Baba fault and Dubarar-tower fault of Bojnord are located in the immediate vicinity of city and in some regions the city is built along this fault. Faults in Bojnord have been the origin of devastating earthquakes in history and are able to work once again and threaten the city which determined the importance and role of crisis management and passive defense in earthquake more than ever. In addition to the potential threat, Bojnord faults has made clear the adverse consequences arising from the filling of Bojnord plain from human habitations and the development of the city towards the fault line at a distance of 150 meters and this has also attracted attention to passive defense two times more. Therefore, identifying risk zones (faults and earthquakes) in the city can show the vital artery in low risk decision areas and zones with low risk for the construction of temporary housing camps during the crisis. Bojnord is in a bowl surrounded by mountains and down the valley. 

Studies have shown that the role of thermal temperature measurement in studying and estimating surface temperature is very important. Earth surface temperature is an important indicator in the study of equilibrium energy models on the ground at the regional and global scale. Due to the limitation of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be a good alternative to earth surface temperature estimation. The main objective of this study is to monitor the surface temperature of the Earth using satellite imagery and a relationship that can have a surface temperature with land use. For this purpose, the relevant images were first obtained and the necessary pre-processes were applied to each one. Then it was compared to modeling and classification of images. Firstly, in order to study land use change, land use classification map was extracted for each two years using a controlled classification method. Then, to study the land use change, the land use change map was extracted for a period of 28 years (1987-2015). Became finally, in order to monitor the surface temperature, the surface temperature map of Meshginshahr was extracted. The results showed that there is a strong relationship between land use and surface temperature. High-vegetation areas and low-temperature blue areas. Also, rainfed farming has the highest average temperature relative to adjacent areas, which indicates the dryness of agricultural products in the Meshginshahr city.

The rapid and ongoing trend of metropolises transitioning into global cities and world cities is influenced by the increasing political, economic, cultural, and scientific dimensions of the urban political geography. Cities, as dynamic entities, evolve from new cities to mother cities, metropolises, global cities, and ultimately world cities. In this competitive environment, metropolises strive to enhance their level of competitiveness vis-à-vis their counterparts. In this study, the researcher compares the performance of Tehran and Istanbul, two metropolises in the Islamic world, based on the criteria and functions of world cities. The researcher employs an index developed by political geography scholars who specialize in studying world cities. The objective is to determine the ranking of these cities among world cities. To accomplish this, relevant maps have been prepared using ArcMap software, and numerical indicators and criteria have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The analysis reveals that Istanbul outperforms Tehran in most indicators and occupies a strong position in the network society and flow space of global cities. This can be attributed to factors such as geopolitical location, an open economic environment, and other indicators. The results of this comparative study can guide city administrators in designing a more suitable future landscape for these cities, ultimately leading to achieving global city status.