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Explaining the Duality in the Spatial Structure of the Tehran Metropolis
Sajad Monfared, Taher Parizadi, Habibollah Fasihi, Ali Shamaie,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Space is socially produced, and the duality of urban space reflects the multidimensional duality of urban society, posing a major challenge to urban development and spatial justice in metropolitan areas. In Tehran, uneven growth and the concentration of development and urban amenities in specific areas have produced unequal quality of life and a socially stratified urban space. Accordingly, this study examines the spatial manifestations of urban duality in the Tehran metropolis and identifies spatial patterns of inequality across municipal districts. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and covers the 22 municipal districts of Tehran. Data for 45 indicators were obtained from the 2016 National Population and Housing Census and the Statistical Yearbooks of Tehran Municipality (2019–2022). District-level development was evaluated using the CORASO multi-criteria decision-making method, while spatial relationships were analyzed through Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index. The results reveal a pronounced north–south spatial divide in Tehran. Based on the CORASO scores, northern districts—particularly District 6 (0.25313), District 1 (0.17013), and District 3 (0.12703)—exhibit the highest levels of development, whereas southern districts, especially District 17 (−0.25313), District 10 (−0.23450), and District 18 (−0.22924), are among the least developed. Moran’s I value (0.433510) indicates significant spatial autocorrelation and a clustered spatial pattern, with developed districts forming clusters of prosperity and less developed districts forming clusters of deprivation in southern Tehran. This pattern reflects the historical concentration of resources, services, and investments in northern Tehran and the persistent relative deprivation of its southern districts.
 

An analyzing the distribution pattern of land uses in learning cities with spatial justice approach (Case Study: Zanjan City)
Mr Mohsen Kalantari, Mr Hossein Tahmasebi Moghadam, Ms Bahareh Akbari Monfared,
Volume 24, Issue 74 (9-2024)
Abstract
 only be implemented when the aforementioned land uses have balanced distribution across the city. In this regard, the present study is to investigate and evaluate learning land uses from the perspective of spatial justice for attain of the learning city approach in Zanjan; And the main goal of this research is to find out the spatial equilibrium in the distribution of learning land uses of Zanjan city, in order to develop the learning city approach. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data collection has done by using the library-documentary method. In addition, in order to analyze the findings, after describing the basic concepts of the learning city and taking into account the principles and indicators governing it, from two indicators of capacity and social justice have been used in the framework of comparing per capita and desirable levels, Nearest Neighborhood (NN) and entropy techniques. The results of the analysis of the distribution of learning land uses in the current situation indicate that the distribution of these land uses in the city are concentrated and clustered, with spatial imbalances. In such a way they show very high qualitative and quantitative differences between the three urban areas, especially indicated in the eastern margin of district two. Such a problem has hampered the development of the learning city approach in Zanjan and has resulted in the concentration of these services in the center of the city and their shortage in the peripheral areas as made a profound inequalities between the residential areas of the city. Therefore, the results of the research provide suggestions for reorganizing learning land uses to establish a spatial justice approach at the city level.
Spatial distribution of alluvial fans for evaluating tectonic activity: A case study from the Southern Kharqan mountain range, Hamadan Province
Dr Esmaeil Najafi, Mr Abolfazl Faraji Monfared, Dr Mehdi Ahmadi,
Volume 25, Issue 76 (3-2025)
Abstract
The extent of mountainous and desert areas in Iran has caused the emergence of well-known geomorphological phenomena. Alluvial fans are landforms found in various locations. Identifying and evaluating their impacts can be valuable for natural hazard management and land use planning. In this study an attempt hs been made  to evaluate the status of tectonic activities in the south of the slopes of the Kharqan mountain range in the northeast of Hamedan province. Different maps were utilized to examine the development process of alluvial fans and present evidence of tectonic activity, including the Gozal Valley, Karafs, and several smaller alluvial fans. The findings of this study revealed that tectonic activity in the Gozal Valley cone remains active, while the alluvial fans located between the Gozal Valley are inactive. Further evidence in the bed of the Gozal Valley cones suggests tectonic changes caused by fault activity, resulting in the alteration of the riverbed's drainage pattern and subsequent destruction and erosion of the surrounding areas. Additionally, changes in drainage patterns and sediment depth on the surface of alluvial fans can be attributed to tectonic activities within these fans. Geological logs illustrate both prolonged, slow periods and active periods during various geological eras in the study area. Ultimately, tectonic activity initiated with a lengthy, sluggish phase, followed by continued tectonic activities and fluctuations.

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