One of the problems of the cities around the capitals in the third world countries is that urbanization overtook urban development and this issue has created many problems in these cities. The lack of characteristics such as transparency, accountability, rule of law, participation, efficiency and the like in the urban management system also adds to the severity of the issues. The aim of the present research is to investigate the quality of urban physical-spatial development management with a good governance approach and to provide optimal strategies for the city of Shahryar. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of developmental and practical purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Data collection was done based on documentary and survey methods, and the tools of interview letter and questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests, MICMAC software and SWOT model have been used in data analysis. The statistical population includes the city's citizens and the group of experts. Validity assessment was done using construct validity and reliability assessment using Cronbach's alpha method. The results show that the overall average status of physical-spatial development management in Shahryar city from the point of view of good governance indicators is equal to 2.006, which is in an average situation based on the Likert spectrum. The findings of the investigation of the influential factors on the quality of governance of this city with the help of MICMAC software show the stability of the system. Finally, the examination of the strategies for realizing the model of good governance in the urban management system shows the predominance of the strategy (Strengths and threats) in the urban management system of Shahriar, which is based on increasing the level of supervision, developing the capacity of the audit system and the headquarters to fight against corruption and violations. The administration emphasizes the fight against mafia and lobbying in urban management, the development of plans and programs for the renovation of worn-out city structures, the development of electronic technologies and tools, and the improvement of economic and human indicators of urban management.

In the city of Naseriyah, uneven urban development trends—caused by weaknesses in the planning system, unequal distribution of public services, and the concentration of investment in central or specific areas—have led to deep spatial disparities between neighborhoods. Consequently, spatial inequality acts as a structural barrier to sustainable development. This study seeks to propose appropriate strategic approaches for achieving urban sustainable development and spatial justice using a combination of SWOT and QSPM tools. Accordingly, in line with the research objective, this study is descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was carried out through both documentary-library and field methods. The statistical population includes experts and university faculty members active in the field of urban planning and management. A total of 30 participants were selected as the research sample through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted using the combined strategic analysis model (SWOT) and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results showed that based on the final score of 2.276 in the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix and 2.537 in the External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, the selected strategy falls into cell (V) of the strategy matrix, indicating a "conservative strategy" approach. Additionally, results from the QSPM model revealed that, based on the attractiveness weight scores, the top strategic priority is “designing and implementing a comprehensive urban plan to achieve sustainable urban development.” This is followed, in order of priority, by “reforming the structure of urban management,” “enhancing public services,” “economic sustainability with an emphasis on spatial justice,” “rebuilding waste and sewage infrastructure,” and “developing heritage-based tourism utilizing local capacities.”  Achieving urban sustainability requires simultaneous attention to economic, social, environmental, and cultural dimensions, as well as strategic planning and targeted interventions.

The expansion of urbanization and the replacement of natural surfaces with artificial materials lead to temperature rise and the formation of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, which results in consequences such as increased energy consumption, intensified air pollution, and threats to public health. This study aims to identify the factors influencing UHI and propose strategies to mitigate its impacts. The research was conducted using a systematic review and descriptive-analytical approach. To this end, relevant scientific articles and studies were examined, and the collected data were analyzed and categorized. The findings revealed that the key factors intensifying UHI include dense urban geometry, neglect of sustainable green facades and rooftops, improper and inefficient building mass design, use of materials with high thermal capacity and low albedo, reduced quality and efficiency of transportation infrastructure, loss of vegetation cover and surrounding natural ecosystems, shortage of water bodies, and ineffective natural ventilation in urban fabrics. The proposed strategies are divided into two scales. At the urban scale, optimizing urban design by regulating the height-to-width ratio of streets, creating wind corridors, and developing sustainable transportation infrastructure play a significant role in improving ventilation and reducing temperature. Expanding green and blue spaces through evapotranspiration processes and preserving natural ecosystems around cities help moderate environmental temperatures and improve air quality. At the building scale, the use of cool materials with high albedo, effective thermal insulation, green roofs and walls, and double-skin facades reduces heat transfer and enhances energy performance. Overall, the results indicate that integrating modern technologies, local strategies, and sustainable urban management can simultaneously reduce environmental temperatures, optimize energy consumption, and improve the quality of urban life.

Urban ecological resilience in the Tehran metropolis is one of the most important focuses of urban policy-making due to climatic and environmental challenges. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing Tehran's ecological resilience based on regulating ecosystem services and environmental and human variables. To this end, the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model and the eleven-fold City Resilience Index (CLI) were employed.
The results showed that vegetation cover (NDVI), with a positive coefficient and small dispersion, has a uniform and determining effect on the CLI, confirming the importance of greenery in enhancing urban ecological resilience. The per capita green space showed a small positive coefficient, indicating a limited but significant impact on resilience, which suggests its unbalanced distribution across neighborhoods. Geomorphological variables, such as land slope and the rate of land subsidence, showed a consistently negative effect on the CLI. Transportation infrastructures, particularly the distance from the metro and BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), had a positive relationship with the CLI, although this relationship likely reflects population density and economic activities along high-traffic corridors.
In terms of air quality, showed a significant negative effect, while and had a slight positive effect on the CLI; showed no significant impact. Pearson's correlation results indicated no correlation higher than between the variables and the CLI, suggesting the complementary and multi-factorial role of environmental and physical indicators in shaping urban resilience.
In total, the findings suggest that enhancing Tehran’s urban ecological resilience requires a systemic and multi-dimensional approach. Policy-making in this area should focus on inclusive greenery development, redesigning compact urban fabrics, and developing green and sustainable transportation.

Space is socially produced, and the duality of urban space reflects the multidimensional duality of urban society, posing a major challenge to urban development and spatial justice in metropolitan areas. In Tehran, uneven growth and the concentration of development and urban amenities in specific areas have produced unequal quality of life and a socially stratified urban space. Accordingly, this study examines the spatial manifestations of urban duality in the Tehran metropolis and identifies spatial patterns of inequality across municipal districts. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and covers the 22 municipal districts of Tehran. Data for 45 indicators were obtained from the 2016 National Population and Housing Census and the Statistical Yearbooks of Tehran Municipality (2019–2022). District-level development was evaluated using the CORASO multi-criteria decision-making method, while spatial relationships were analyzed through Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index. The results reveal a pronounced north–south spatial divide in Tehran. Based on the CORASO scores, northern districts—particularly District 6 (0.25313), District 1 (0.17013), and District 3 (0.12703)—exhibit the highest levels of development, whereas southern districts, especially District 17 (−0.25313), District 10 (−0.23450), and District 18 (−0.22924), are among the least developed. Moran’s I value (0.433510) indicates significant spatial autocorrelation and a clustered spatial pattern, with developed districts forming clusters of prosperity and less developed districts forming clusters of deprivation in southern Tehran. This pattern reflects the historical concentration of resources, services, and investments in northern Tehran and the persistent relative deprivation of its southern districts.
 

This study investigates the impact of ideological cycles and changes in political discourses on the formation and spatial transformation of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood in Tehran during the pre-Constitutional and Constitutional periods. The main objective is to identify the contexts and processes through which traditional and modern discourses shaped the spatial and physical structure of this neighborhood. The research is qualitative and exploratory in nature and adopts a historical–analytical approach. Data were collected through documentary sources, including historical documents, maps, official reports, and written records, and were analyzed using a spatial discourse analysis framework. The findings suggest that the emergence and development of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood during the Qajar period were a result of the interaction between two dominant discourses: the traditional discourse of the pre-Constitutional era and the modern discourse of modernization during the Constitutional period. The spatial manifestations of these political discourses materialized through the establishment of various institutions and structures such as the Fārūs Printing House as a symbol of freedom of expression, the formation of the Nazmiyeh and the police as indicators of the rule of law, embassies and state institutions as expressions of state–nation relations, and facilities such as the telegraph office, bank, post, park, and modern streets as signs of modernization. Accordingly, the simultaneous and sometimes conflicting forces of tradition and modernity generated the initial physical form, functional structure, and modern urban identity of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood.
 

In recent decates, the subject of quality of living in city and the satisfaction of citizens from their environments has attarced the views the most of researchers and international institutes around the world. Because of its importance, UN to publish a report annually in which different cities around the world ranked and compared through the quality of life. Quality of living talk about different indices and one of its important indices is access to the city services which in turns would decrease some of the city problems such as slums and irregular construction, land speculation and etc. This research tries to analysis the city quality of living according to the standards of services access in cities. So, quality of service access was analysed in objective and subjective sections in old zone of Urmia. The research method is descriptive-analytic and we use questioner, different models such as AHP and network analysis and fuzzy techniques, Pierson coefficient for our study. Results show that satisfaction of city-service access has a very meaningful statistic impact on the subjective factors of quality of living and as it increases more, we have more subjective quality. These results tell planners that key factors would have great impacts and roles on the satisfaction of the life of citizens.

 
In this study, to show the inequality between different cities in Ardebil province, 60 developmental indicators in different sections including health care, social, educational, cultural and infrastructural sections have been analyzed through VIKOR model. Moreover, for data analysis and graph and table representation of data Excel, SPSS, and ARC Map 10.1 software was used. For determining validity of the research indicators, questionnaires were completed by experts (16 experts and professionals in the related area) through AHP model. A survey in 2011 showed that from among 10 cities in Ardabil province, Ardebil city; Serein Germy and Khalkhal; Parsabad, Bilesavar and Namin; Meshginshahr, Nir and Kosar were developed, developing, less developed, and undeveloped areas, respectively. This inequality is the result of environmental, economic and political factors and it also reflects inadequacy of spatial planning, which places Ardabil in its high priority for development. Furthermore, according to the conducted analyses it is concluded that there is an imbalanced regional inequality on city scale in Ardabil province; there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the population of a city and the degree of its development; finally there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the distance from the provincial capital and the degree of its development.