In this study, precipitation simulated annual and seasonal in East and North-East of Iran ,in 1987-2011, by using RegCM4 dynamic model in two case; with and without using post-processing technique. The required data for RegCM4 model with NetCDf format, received from ICTP center. For the implementation of the main dynamic model, Convective precipitation test scheme and the horizontal resolution, performed for 2007. According to the test, Kuo Schema had less error than Emmanuel and Gurl schemes in Precipitation and region temperature modeling. Horizontal resolution selected 30 Km. After model implementation with Gurl schema and 30 Km horizontal resolution, Precipitation and temperature output post- processed using MA model. According to results, in the study area, during 2006-2011 verification period, average annual rainfall raw bias of RegCM4 model was calculated and post-processed equal to 8.3 millimeter and 61.04 respectively. Briefly in the annual time scale, in 75% of studied stations, post-processing is effective and MA model is more efficient. In seasonal scale, bias error of average precipitation is equal to 54.99 millimeter in the winter, 27011 millimeters in the spring, -3.6 millimeter in the summer and 7.21 millimeter in the fall. Simulation of the temperature data in the stations using RegCM4 and MA model in north-east of Iran, revealed high performance. Bias error of average temperature is equal to -2.78 for RegCM4 model and post-processed equal to -0.05. In all stations, modeled Annual temperature and observational data has difference less than 0/1 ° C. In seasonal scale, the mean bias error range according ° C is equal to -4.1 in the winter, -4.09 in the spring, -1.8 in the summer and -1.5 in the fall.
 

حذف شدیک جمله Identify water resources management and proper application of relevant officials and managers are the main concern. Groundwater as a most important natural resources of Iran needs to planning and management of all aspects. In this regard, a study done of the Shaharchay river basin in the west of the Urmia Lake and the northern structural, sedimentary zone of Sanandaj - Sirjan. The aim of the study is to identify areas where the water table is higher in groundwater. To achieve this, an interpolation of (IDW) water level underground of Shaharchay by using the data of piezometeric well, then matching results with the position of faults and available tectonic seismic data. fractures were checked and the role of basin natural characteristics such as slope, lithology, soil type, ages of Geological, precipitation and landuse on groundwater level fluctuations were checked as well. Investigations show 4 different patterns of movement of groundwater in the basin area. Except of fault, other criteria alone are not much of a water table. The results show that the the western part of the water table is located in a very low of ​​zoning , which has very high mountains with high slopes, high rainfall, no fracture Quaternary and pasture. Eastern part of the basin is located in the area of ​​medium and high underground water level only a part of the shores of Urmia Lake in this zoning has a very high water table. With very little gradient, local average precipitation, high permeability, active Quaternary faults, the garden and the city landuse. But the center of the basin zoning was very high with very low permeability, high slope, average precipitation and mixture of garden, forest and grassland usages. basin center located on high seismic intensity zone and density Quaternary faults. only because of the high level in the basin center of Silvaneh are active faults and a high intensity tectonic seismic.
 

Remote sensing technology is one of the most efficient and innovative technologies for agricultural land use/cover mapping. In this regard, the object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) is known as a new method of satellite image processing which integrates spatial and spectral information for satellite image process. This approach make use of spectral, environmental, physical and geometrical characteristics (e.g. texture, shape) together images contexts for modeling of land use/cover classes. The main objective of this study is to classify micro land use/cover of Meyandoab County by applying appropriate and effective algorithms and parameters in the object based approach. For this goal, Quick Bird and Aster satellite images were used within the integrated approach for processing and land use modeling. Accordingly, the land use map was classified in 9 class based on spectral and spatial characteristics.  In order to perform OBIA, the segmentation was applied in the scale of 10, shape parameter of 0.7 as well as the compactness of 0.3. In terms of the classification task, fuzzy based algorithm and operators (AND, OR) was applied to detriment the membership functionality of segments for each class as well as classifying the related objects.  We also applied textures, geometric, NDVI, GLCM, brightness algorithms based on fuzzy operators and assign class algorithm. In order to applying the validation of results, the accuracy assessment step was performed and the finally overall accuracy of 93.6 was obtained for the derived map. The Kappa coefficient was also detriment to be 0.92. The area under cultivation included respectively for lands of wheat and barley, prunes and plums, apples, vineyards and alfalfa hay2622.42, 4505, 4354.55, 4457.85, 14110.58 hectares.
 

Landforms and geomorphological processes is the most important factors that affecting dispersion and quality of building materials.  Case study, consisting of both new and old alluvial fans is located in the West of the city of Sabzevar. The aim of this study was to investigate the process of freezing and thawing in the durability and quality of materials taken from the alluvial fans old and new. To achieve this goal, we dug four wells in different parts of new and old of fans. The examples of large and small stones from the depths of one meter, two meters, three meters and four, wells were removed. Then to measure resistance of material, against freezing and thawing, freezing and thawing tests were performed on all samples. According to the test on three outcomes for this study was obtained. First: weight loss of samples of the new fans of head is greater, compared with other samples are taken   because of the waters. Second, samples of the new fans head because the waters have greater weight loss compared with other samples are taken. Therefore, samples of new fans is fine-grained as possible. Thirdly, if the target is high-quality materials, best materials is made of metamorphic minerals, such as andesite and pyroxene.

Increasing CO₂ emissions and consequently, air temperature causes climate anomalies which affects all the aspects of human life. The purpose of this study was to assess the temperature changes and also to predict the extreme temperatures in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. To do this, the SDSM statistical and dynamical model was used. As well, it was applied the Mann-Kendal graphical and statistical technique to analyze the temperature changes and its trend. In this regard, the daily temperature was obtained from Rasht, Ramsar and Babolsar synoptic stations during 1961 – 2010, and also the general circulation models data of HadCM3 and NCEP were collected from related databases. The results revealed a significant positive trend in monthly and annual minimum and maximum temperature in all three stations in the first (1961-2010) and third (1961-2040) periods.  There is not a significant trend in extreme temperatures in Ramsar and maximum temperature in Rasht in the second period (2011-2040). The Mann-Kendal graphical test was used for the yearly extreme temperatures in all periods. The results showed that it was occurred both increasing trend and suddenly changes or shifts at the 95% confidence level in all stations. It is occurred the highest of changes in monthly and annual of the minimum temperature at forecasted period (2011-2040). It was predicted extreme temperature to increase about 0.1 to 1.7° C. The short time oscillations and significant positive trend occurred in both the maximum and minimum temperature shows the temperature increase and climate changes in the future. Thus it is obvious the decrease in temperature difference in warm and cold seasons.

Study how to relax and leisure from the work of citizens it is located in the field of leisure geography studies. The current study is practical in an aim and descriptive– analytical in method and practical– theoretical in nature. In this study, the first path analysis model was used in order to express logical correlations between environmental and demographics variables, on leisure geography and providing structural analysis.the results of study path analysis model shows that the impacts of the physical environment outside the home with standardized coefficients0.461 into other variables have the greatest impact and demographic variables with standard coefficients 0.025 has least impact on leisure geography of metropolis. In the following, the number of 383 questionnaires was distributed in order to study comparatively the spatial pattern leisure geography among citizen's zones 2, 4 and 7 of the city of Ahvaz that they were at different levels of enjoyment. The results of the questionnaire of citizens indicate that leisure pattern in Region2 is different from other areas; However, the pattern of citizens leisure of district4 and7 has not a significant difference together. In this context, assigning a specific type of planning is approved in order to improve the quality of community health and welfare of the citizens;; with regard to natural and human environment conditions of the city and leisure facilities available.