Considering important role of housing in contemporary urban areas, evaluating urban housing quality has become one of the most popular topics in recent researches. Housing has vast conceptual perspectives which include many aspects of urban life beside the dwelling purpose of it, such as recreation, primary schools, and play yards and so on. The most efficient tool for achieving such purposes is evaluation of qualitative and quantitative urban housing indicators. Using quantitative, objectivistic, positivistic methods and models frequently observes in Iranian scientific journals recently. This article aims to study and evaluate such researches, using scientific analytic methods which have accepted and published in domestic scientific journals. The emphasis of this article is to review papers which studied urban indicators in any area in Iranian urban areas which published between March 2011 and September 2019. To do so, the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) has introduced and applied and 39 papers have selected. These papers selected among all papers had indexed in Scientific Information Database (SID.ir) and Comprehensive Iranian Humanities Portal (ensani.ir) which include one of these keywords: housing indicator, urban housing. Complete information of these papers has cited and method, data resources and conclusion of each paper discussed briefly. Some criteria introduced and measured to evaluate different aspects of selected papers considering PRISMA suggestions. The most cited sources (papers, books, dissertations and statistic reports) have identified and applied in conclusion.

Irregular and unstable urban development has increased marginalization, destruction of urban green areas and increased demand for urban land, which in itself has led to the disappearance of urban green spaces and land use change of such lands and is possible. Cause certain global environmental problems such as the formation of urban heat islands, because urban green space is one of the important models in achieving sustainability in urban space and the physical and natural fit of the city. At the same time, the protection of the environment and urban green space is the main pillar of sustainable development, which has been discussed in developed countries for decades and in recent years has been highly regarded by planners in developing countries. The present study, in terms of Weberchr('39')s applied and developmental purpose, is a descriptive-analytical descriptive survey or field study in which the researcher-made questionnaire tool is used and the existing maps of urban green space are used. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of green space in coastal cities in attracting tourists with the approach of sustainable environmental development in the coastal city of Noor, but in addition to the main purpose of the sub-objectives, the researcher The results also increase the per capita urban green space, increase the number of urban tourists, prevent environmental damage and increase the income of the citizens of the coastal city of Noor.

Tourism is now considered as one of the most important income industries of the world. Tourism as one of the main and basic approaches can be used in solving problems resulted from unemployment problems and downturn in different countries and the twenty-year vision of Iran specially consider tourism and attracting tourists. The huge volume of the tourists in the world are religious tourists and most of these religious tourists choose Mehran international border for entry and exit from Iran for doing pilgrimage and their religious affairs due to being safe and vicinity to The Holy of Holies in Iraq. This research aims at designing and explaining religious tourism model in Mehran International Border. Having determining the sample size qualitatively via snowball method, 14 experts of religious tourism including academics and trustees of religious tourism were recognized and they were interviewed directly and the research findings showed that religious tourism pattern in Mehran International Border has six main components including casual conditions (religious and tribal communities, provincial infrastructures, common border of Iraq and vicinity to The Holy of Holies, advertisements) categories (tourism and its subcategories, religious places in Iran and Iraq, security) grounds (commercial free zone in Mehran welfare and health services, economic part of religious tourism), interferer factors (political factors, conveying affairs to non-governmental sector, weather changes), strategies (cooperating with educational centers and universities, increasing governmental investing, using capacities of religious days) consequences & results (income and creating jobs, people’s persistence in border and non-immigration, cultural development of province, destruction of environmental, road and jungles of province) which could be introduced as a proper pattern for religious tourism in Mehran International Border according to the opinion of experts.

Keywords: tourism, religious tourism, pilgrimage, Mehran International Border.

One of the theories that studied poverty and inequality after World War II and urban reconstruction in America in the duality of the suburbs and the central city is the theory of Spatial Mismatch. Despite the role of the background caused by racial-ethnic inequality and the contrast between the suburbs and the central city in the formation of the aforementioned theory, the main indicators of Spatial Mismatch indicate the lack of appropriateness between obtaining a job with sufficient benefits to access affordable and quality housing. This means that the backgrounds, structures and processes of inequality are different from one society to another and the lack of proportionality between the benefits of work and access to housing represents the spaces of poverty. The aim of the current research is to reveal the Spatial Mismatch between the two mentioned indicators in the metropolitan areas of Tehran. The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The main data required include major occupational groups and housing status in official population and housing censuses, which have been analyzed using spatial functions. The analysis of the research findings shows that there is a direct relationship between occupational stratification and the quality of residence in Tehran's municipal areas. In such a way that the concentration centers of the lower classes and workers who are deprived of jobs with suitable benefits have been formed in residential areas with poor quality and worn-out textures. Based on this, in the southern regions of Tehran, there is a greater disproportion between getting a suitable job and access to quality housing. While in the northern areas of Tehran, there is much more suitable work and access to quality housing. The final result shows that the two main indicators investigated well reveal and represent the «Spatial Traps of Poverty» which are the main focus of Socio-Spatial Issues in Inner City Areas.

Keywords: Spatial Traps of Poverty, Spatial Mismatch, Work and Residence Spatial Mismatch, Occupational Stratification and Tehran.
 

The science of urban planning, like other sciences, has been influenced by different intellectual currents. The origins of Folding urbanism, which owes much to philosophy in rhizome, based on Leipnitz mathematics, emerged in architecture by Peter Eisenman, which today survives on an urban scale with postmodern feminist literature as anti-Oedipus and anti-Freudian. Gives. Folding urban planning can be studied in three levels of geography, landscape and city. In this research, landscape and city levels are discussed. Objective: In this research, the evolution of folding is based on Foucault genealogy, which deals with the holes of history and power relations. In the field of urban planning of these relations, the ontology of urban topology layers according to Riemannian equations and Deleuze philosophy in the works of architects such as Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Eric Owen Moss, Charles Jenks, James Wines.  The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical with a combination of inductive and deductive. The process of this research has reached the conclusion that Folding urbanism is based on Mendelbrot fractal geometry, Lotfizadeh fuzzy logic and in Lawrence chaos atmosphere and power relations in the glory of feminism and its manifestation on urbanism are the main reasons for the formation. Urbanization is a folding. Results: Similar theories used in folding architecture, rhizome, anti-Oedipus, Mobius, hermeneutic cycle, theories have been formed that are closely related to Gestalt psychology and the phenomenological view that is hidden in the philosophy of unity in plurality. In these theories, the component is folded in its entirety. The skyline, the accesses, the views and all the architectural reserves form a whole unit. Theories related to folding urban planning such as small-scale urban carpets in urban furniture have not been successful, but in single buildings have provided the desired philosophies and have been somewhat successful, and on a large scale in the city well phenomenology, unity in plurality , Contains rhizomes, anti-Oedipus and all the issues raised within it.

Considering the factors affecting the conversion of places and destinations to the tourism brand of the prevalence of tourism development in each region. Because these factors play an important role in the conversion of tourism destinations, and on the other hand, the conversion of a destination to its tourism brand is also a factor in developing more tourism in purposes. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to investigate the factors and stimuli effect on increasing the transformation of urban and rural areas to tourism brand in Guilan province. The present research is in terms of purpose, applied and method of doing it. The data collection tool and the questionnaire and interview information. The statistical population of the research is experts and tourism specialists in Guilan province, using targeted sampling method, 50 experts were selected as samples. To answer the research questions, the binary logistics model and qualitative analysis were used. The results of the research indicate that linear and meaningful communication has existed with the factors and stimuli of the research with the conversion of urban and rural places to the tourism brand. Also, the results showed that among the five factors in question, three factors of diversity of job opportunities, culture and natural assets and local infrastructure have had the most effects on the transformation of urban and rural areas in Guilan province for tourism brand.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of religious tourism based on the art of taziyeh in Kashan based on structural equation modeling, based on a mixed exploratory approach. In the qualitative part, the phenomenological method was used and in the quantitative part, the descriptive method, correlation based on structural equations was used. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included professors and experts in tourism and condolence in Kashan, which was obtained after 15 saturated interviews. In order to evaluate the validity of qualitative data, structural, external, descriptive and interpretive validity were used and in order to evaluate the reliability, the three approaches of Rao and Perry (2003) were used. The results of qualitative research were extracted from 11 economic, strategic, development, research, organizational, technical, content, environmental and advertising dimensions. After examining the extraction of components, the quantitative part of the research was examined. Factor and content validity were used to evaluate the validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was used from Cronbach's alpha, which had the necessary reliability. Available was selected. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics, including structural equations, through SPSS 22, LISREL 18.9 and Warp PLS 5 software. Findings showed that the most impact was economic dimension (impact factor 0.86) followed by cultural dimension with (0.79) and strategic dimension with (0.78).
 

Geotourism is one of the important types of ecotourism with a responsible and conservation-oriented approach that emphasizes the popularization of earth sciences and the cultural, social, and economic development of the local community. In order to evaluate and explain the geotourism conditions of a region and the capabilities of a destination to become a geopark, it is necessary to present and explain the optimal and desirable model for the development of geotourism destinations. Firouzkouh County, with its numerous earth heritage assets, is considered one of the areas susceptible to geotourism. Given the high potential of geotourism for development as a geopark and the lack of necessary utilization of these capabilities in the development of the county, it is necessary to present an optimal model for analyzing the development of geopark capabilities in the county. In this research, through library and survey methods and using geotourism evaluation methods including the Facilas method, the GAM method, and the terrestrial diversity sites method, the county's geosites were evaluated and analyzed from the perspective of different values. The results show that most of the geosites in the region, despite their high representation, educational potential, and aesthetic value, have a weak connection with the local community, and their vulnerability and risk of extinction are increasing. Also, from the perspective of assessing the geopark capabilities, it was determined that this county currently does not have the capability to become an independent geopark. Accordingly, a model for developing the county's capability to become a geopark has been presented, which mainly emphasizes participatory management, entrepreneurship, multipurpose tourists, and geotourism typology, etc.

The objective of this research is to investigate the factors that enhance the attractiveness of tourism destinations in Tehran. This study is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. The data collection methods include the use of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population comprises tourism experts and specialists, and through the application of Cochran's formula and simple random sampling, a sample of 210 tourism experts was selected. Data analysis was performed utilizing descriptive statistics and logistic regression tests.  The findings of the research reveal that, out of the 210 tourism professionals in Tehran, 91 individuals, representing 43.3%, perceived the attractiveness of Tehran's tourism destinations to be at a high level; 29% assessed it as moderate; and only 27% regarded it as low. Furthermore, the results concerning the factors influencing the enhancement of attractiveness in alignment with tourism development indicate that, among the four factors considered, the most significant were: 1) innovative business opportunities, with an impact coefficient of 0.613; 2) the city's natural, cultural, and historical assets, with an impact coefficient of 0.577; 3) the development of tourism infrastructure, with an impact coefficient of 0.497; and 4) urban development, with an impact coefficient of 0.473.
 

 

Policy-making in tourism development planning necessitates the adoption of innovative methodologies within the domain of urban governance. In alignment with this framework, it is imperative to implement policies that focus on the processes of "developing a good governance model for tourism in the post-COVID-19 era in Iran." This approach aims to mitigate the challenges posed by the pandemic, which has imposed significant strain on the tourism industry by reducing the evaluation of tourism governance indicators and establishing a foundation for their implementation. The methodology of this research is descriptive-survey with a practical focus, employing both documentary studies and field research. The qualitative component of the study utilized interviews as a tool for data analysis and the examination of relevant tourism indicators. The statistical population comprises experts and stakeholders involved in the tourism sector in Iran, with a sample size of 14 individuals selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed through a process of open, axial, and selective coding until theoretical saturation was achieved, leading to the categorization of main and sub-categories. The data analysis was informed by the grounded theory methodology. The findings of this research, which identify indicators of effective governance and elucidate the causal conditions for the application of such governance in Iran's tourism industry, provide a foundation for potential outcomes, including the enhancement of the business environment, particularly in the aftermath of the economic downturn experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These outcomes may lead to the creation of competitive advantages through the establishment of conducive platforms, including organizational measures, infrastructure development, technological enhancements, and the implementation of information and communication management strategies, marketing strategies, and oversight mechanisms, all of which are articulated as a comprehensive model.

Today, due to the conditions of globalization, city branding has become increasingly important due to its tourism potentials. Most regions with strategic planning in this area aim to achieve economic development and reduce deprivation through tourism. In this study, the research strategy is deductive, and its purpose is practical. The required data and information were collected from library resources and surveys (questionnaires and interviews) with experts. The meta-SWOT technique, based on an inside-out approach and a resource-based perspective, provides a framework for enhancing the competitiveness of cities and regions. The city of Kermanshah possesses significant capabilities to attract tourism, enabling it to achieve urban, regional, and global competitiveness. The findings of this study show that among the capabilities and potentials of Kermanshah, the existence of historical and cultural monuments—such as Taq-e Bostan, pillars, historic houses, museums, and its role as a center for handicrafts—as well as cultural similarities with people living in Iraq and Turkey, along with its unique culture, beliefs, and customs, serve as key tourism potentials. These attributes align with the four characteristics of the VIRO framework (Value, Rarity, Imitability, and Organization), making them the most strategic fit with macro variables affecting tourist attraction and urban competitiveness through tourism in Kermanshah. Among the major influential variables, the COVID-19 pandemic, international sanctions against Iran, climate change, natural disasters, and lack of funding have the greatest impact on the urban competitiveness of Kermanshah. Based on the analysis of resources and macro variables, a strategic fit map was developed, and appropriate solutions were proposed.

One of the contemporary approaches to tourism involves leveraging virtual spaces and information technology, which have transformed tourism perspectives and eliminated boundaries between physical and digital environments. This research investigates the potential of virtual spaces in promoting tourism development in Konarak County. The study is classified as "applied" in terms of its objective and "descriptive-analytical" regarding its nature and methodology, utilizing "documentary and survey (questionnaire)" data collection techniques. The target population comprises expert professionals, with 35 individuals selected using a two-stage Delphi sampling approach. The content validity of the questionnaire was established through professional evaluation, while reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.852). Data analysis employed t-tests, path analysis, and DEMATEL methodology. T-test results indicated that virtual spaces (M = 4.22) surpassed the baseline threshold (3), demonstrating a significant impact on tourism development in Konarak County. Path analysis revealed that information technology infrastructure had the greatest influence (factor = 0.608), while e-commerce exhibited the least effect (factor = 0.250) on tourism development. DEMATEL analysis indicated that the telecommunications platform index (5.971) displayed the highest level of interaction, whereas the information index (5.671) showed the lowest interaction. The social network index (1.402) emerged as the most effective factor, and the telecommunications platform index (2.088) was identified as the most influential factor.The findings suggest that establishing technological infrastructure and promoting Konarak County's attractions through media platforms (television, news websites, etc.) represents a significant advancement toward the county's developmental objectives.