Today, the process of developing and constructing educational spaces tends to be more inclined to physical dimensions and is painted against human beings and their characteristics. The result is a disconnect between the students' relationship with the schools in particular and the educational environment in general. As such, they consider their students to be less part of the high school and feel less attached to it. The purpose of this study is to focus on designers 'view of the semantic levels of the school environment that can influence students' sense of place. The research method was descriptive, analytical and survey using spss software and Lisrel 8.8. This study uses the confirmatory factor analysis technique to determine whether the number of factors and loads of variables measured on these factors are consistent with what is specified in the theory. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the standardized coefficients are acceptable and relatively large. Through the SEM structural model, it was estimated that the highest correlation and consistency between subjective factor with factor loadings of 0.76 and physical component rank second. With a factor load of 0.63 and finally the educational component with a standard coefficient of 0.58 establishes and promotes a sense of  belonging in high schools. At the end of the conceptual model the research was mapped using structural equation modeling and by regression it was concluded that subjective, physical and educational components predict 43% of the variance in sense of belonging in Tehran high schools.

Reviewing the damage caused by landslide proves the need to examine the factors influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon and the prediction of its occurrence. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to improve the prediction of landslide occurrence in the Taleghan watershed using Shannon Entropy Theory. Among the factors influencing the occurrence of landslide, ten factors of elevation, slope, slope direction, geology, vegetation, land use, water congestion, fault, road, rainfall as independent variables and sliding zones were considered as dependent variables. Then, using the entropy index, weighing was calculated for each of these factors based on their effectiveness, and the value map of each parameter was calculated according to its weight. In the next step, by mapping these maps with the map of landslides, a risk zoning map for the basin was drawn up. After calculating the Shannon entropy index, it was determined that 86% of the landslide area is in three medium-risk, high-risk and highly hazardous areas, indicating that the final map of the zoning is based on the correct method. Also, the total quality index (Qs) in this method was equal to 2.3, which indicates that this method is more reliable and more suitable for zoning of landslide hazard in Taleghan watershed. The accuracy of the method (P) for the entropy model was equal to 0.24, indicating a more appropriate resolution of the risk zones in this method.

Information on a variation of impervious surface is useful for understanding urbanization and its impacts on the hydrological cycle, water management, surface energy balances, urban heat island, and biodiversity. This research attempts to detect impervious surfaces and its changes by satellite imagery in Qaemshahr. The relationship between impervious surfaces and changes in land surface temperature in the city was investigated. For this purpose, after obtaining three images in 1978, 2000, and 2017, and performing the necessary preprocessing, the reflection values of the infrared spectrum and ground surface temperature in the study area were calculated. The reflectance of this spectrum was investigated in various land uses vegetation, asphalt and building areas in two parts of the urban and the suburb.  Using the results of ANOVA and Tukey these properties compared to different land uses. By the difference between Permeable surfaces and impervious surfaces, the impervious surface index was calculated. The results of the detection and comparison of the three surveyed images showed that the impervious surfaces in Qaemshahr were significantly increased from 1978 to 2017. In the next step, by calculating the land surface temperature, it was determined that the temperature of the impervious surfaces is higher than the other parts of the study area. An increase in the population of the city followed by an increase in urban construction has led to an increase in impervious surfaces and a reduction in green space and this has caused a rise in city temperatures. The results of this study showed that increasing impervious surfaces has led to an increase of around 4 degrees in the city's temperature. Finally, any increase in the impervious surface at the city will lead to unsustainability in the urban environment, if not accompanied by proper planning.

During the last years, following an increase in damages due to occurrence of landslides, human has decided to reduce such losses. Therefore, identifying regions susceptible to landslide and classifying them can partly help man to prevent from happening above phenomena. The current study aims to demonstrate factors contributing to occurrence of landslide in Candrigh Chay basin and then, flattening the basin regarding risks related to landslide event using one methods, Network Analysis Process. In this direction, as respects to basin morphology and also, findings of past researches , ten factors involved in occurring landslides in Candrigh Chay Basin were recognized and used : lithology , land use , rainfall , slope , slope aspect , road slide , sluice power index (SPI), sediment transfer index (STI).Network Analysis Process(ANP) Method was implemented to score and classify factors and  scales. Was carried out in order to measure classes of each parameter. The final map showed that the basin has 4 classes considering landslide. Findings reveal flats with low risk and flats with high risk have the least area in Candrigh Chay basin. On the other hand, flats with medium risk and high risk allocate the most area of basin for themself. Comparing slid surfaces with flats facing risks indicates regions located at high and average risk class possess most areas of slide surfaces so that a flat involving very high risk  and a flat with high risk devote 35 percent (79km²) and 32/6 (72km²) of landslides for themselves, respectively. In other words, more than 77 percent of landslides conform to flats covering very high and average risk. Moreover, petrology, slope, and, sluice slide were identified as the most effective agents in occurring land_slides. One models, Network Analysis Process (ANP) were utilized through this project                 

One of the most important and urgent issues of urban planning is the equitable distribution of facilities, services and accessibility of citizens at the urban level. Economic and commercial centers, including banks and financial institutions, are one of the most important economic sectors of cities and can be sustained. Social, economic, physical, and environmental impacts of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of citizenschr('39') access to commercial land use in Ardebil neighborhoods. Therefore, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the study is 44 localities of Ardabil city. Spatial statistics models, Hot Spot Analysis, and GIS software were used for data analysis. Finally, regression function in Idrisi Selva software was used to analyze the correlation between commercial user and population as well as to determine the relationship and correlation of this user with other service users. The results show that in Ardabil neighborhoods there is inequality in terms of overall business use. As a result, the neighborhoods have high commercial use weights and high concentrations of hot spots in optimum condition, including areas 3 and 5 from zone 2, zone 7 from zone 1 and zone 6 from zone 3. Also, commercial low weight blocks and low concentrations of hot spots, which include areas 8 and 11 from zone 2, area 11 from zone 3, are lower in urban sustainability. Finally, based on the results of the research, some suggestions have been made.

Awareness of the status of vegetation, land use change and surface temperature in each region, and the timing and location of their changes over time are important for micro and macro planning. In order to make optimal use of land, knowledge of land use changes is necessary, which is usually possible by detecting and predicting land use changes. Measuring the role of researches and researchers has been instrumental in the study of natural resources, especially vegetation, surface temperature and user variations in each location, as well as the availability of information for different times for valuable studies. In this study, ETM and OLI were used to study the process of land use change, vegetation cover, surface temperature, and hazards caused by them in perennial seasons. The results show that the area of use changes over the period 2000-2010 has decreased the area of use of the developed area, agricultural and growing gardens and the area of land and rangelands. Artificial vegetation has risen in aggregate and rangeland lands are showing a decreasing trend. Due to the importance of vegetation and its role in reducing the temperature of the earth's surface, the trend has been decreasing in regions with intensive vegetation and high temperature. Also, in the period from 2010 to 2017, the range was further increased and the city's growth continued sporadically, causing environmental changes and rising temperatures in the city. The change in the city's increased range has increased environmental risks, including the loss of good agricultural land and the increase in the temperature of the city. Due to the fact that most agricultural land is located in the vicinity of the city under cultivation of saffron, which in the warm seasons does not have surface coatings, changes in the type of cultivation can also affect the temperature of the earth.

 The establishment of new cities and settlements and the development of economic and industrial activities on the shores of Makran, is inevitable, and since the creation and development of new cities has been one of the policies in land management in recent decades, planning and designing a new city in Regional development orientation of this region is essential. Therefore, in this regard, the purpose of the present study is the analysis of planning approaches and design of the new city of Tis in order to develop the region of Makran beaches. The present study is applied in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Theoretical studies were collected using documentary method, and research data and information were collected using interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study includes specialists, administrators, university professors and experts. Using purposive sampling method, 183 experts were determined as the sample size. To analyze the variables and approaches of the research, first using the method of interviews and interactive discussions with experts and specialists as a statistical sample of the research, each of the planning approaches of new cities was examined. Also, descriptive tests, Spearman correlation test and hierarchical analysis model were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the exit of the region from deprivation and vulnerability, creating a scientific and educational hub in the region, and designing a new and smart city to create a sustainable city have been the most important approaches explaining the planning and design of the new city. Also, there is a significant and positive relationship between planning approaches and design of the new city of Tis and the development of Makran beaches, and among these, the investment variable in Makran beaches has the highest relationship with regional development in the study area

Recognition and determination of ecological susceptible regions for proper bedding is importance and vital affair for regional planning and specially agriculture part. Climate and topography are main environmental components which altitude and cultivation product generation capability are depend their in every region.  So , studying of effective climate factors and elements on agriculture have special importance. In current study , in order to agriculture ecological homogeneous geographical regions determination ; satellite images of Geographical Information Bases (GIS) were used which they are provider of new horizon and dimensions for effective discovering and fields resources management and we try to show Rapeseed cultivation ecological zoning usage development by combining modern tools , instruments and methods at Ardebil plain region. In order to recognition of mentioned susceptible regions in studied case climate data statistics were used that they include ; temperature degree , precipitation, relative humidity and environmental capability data such as ; inclination, height and multi-criteria decision making based on Analysis of Networks Process(ANP). Then layers were prepared by weighting and according to criteria and they were combined and also layers overlapping were done on GIS environment and ultimate layer of fields proportion was prepared for Rapeseed cultivation. Based on results analysis , studied region fields for Rapeseed cultivation include 33/38% without limitation ; 02/10% of fields with low limitation; 96/33% with medium limitation ; 71/17% of fields with high limitation

"Governance" is one of the basic concepts that has attracted the attention of geo-political scientists, and there are contradictory views on this concept, which is one of the main and fundamentally important foundations of the science of geopolitics. The rule of law over higher power and superiority imply that no other legal authority is superior to it. Since the study of sovereignty in political geography is very important, therefore, it is necessary to examine its dimensions and spatial levels. Political geography focuses on the study of phenomena, processes and political currents, and emphasizes their geographic and spatial effects. One of the most important studies in political geography is the study of the country. Each country is made up of three elements of "nation, rule and land".. The linking factor of these three elements is "sovereignty". In political theories, they regard the sovereignty of that government and do not attribute it to any government or government agency alone. At the same time, in no political theory, the notion of sovereignty is not absolute, and it is believed that sovereignty must be exercised within the constitutional framework and in accordance with the law. Land is the space of the state, which, with the spatial scope of the territory, determines the sovereignty of the state, and as the physical container, it includes the body of the political organization. The present article seeks to elaborate on the fact that "sovereignty has different dimensions and levels". The present research is of fundamental type and has been done by descriptive-analytical method. Data collection method is library and computer. Also, data analysis is also qualitative.

the analysis of land use utility matrix based on human and natural criteria in residential areas is the necessity and issues that planners in urban and rural areas in terms of access to communication network, central location, weather, noise and etc are a turning point for how optimal use is of resources. the aim of this study is to identify the level of user desirability in rural areas of Binaluod county. in this study, 14 user groups with 52 % of land use terms of central location, access to communication network, smell, facilities and equipment, slope, air, sound and vision were investigated. the present study is descriptive - analytical and data collection were collected in the field method by 48 local experts in eight villages. the results show that based on the four alternatives (4: Completely desirable and 1: totally undesirable) the bakery users with an average of 3/99 and the gymnasium with an average of 4 have made the highest compatibility in terms of the desirability of the location and land of the historic tank with /38 and the dilapidated housing with 3/40. Also, the average utilization rate of land use in the village of Zashk 3/74, in the village of Dehno 3/82, in the village of Jagherz, 3/78, in the village of Abedeh Alya, 3/89, in the village of Nochah equaled 3/92, in the village of Hesar Golestan 3/76, In the village of Hesar Sorkh 3.79 and finally in the village of Ruhni, the utility rate was 3.80. the results show that despite the wide range of land use changes outside the context of study villages, the level of land use within the rural fabric is desirable in terms of quality of high - order location, 3/81.

Land is the most important factor in the physical development of cities; land management has now become one of the most important concerns and concerns of local governments. Also, the sprawling growth of cities has degraded the environment and natural resources around the cities. Meanwhile, due to inadequate and accelerated decision-making, some of the inner-city and inter-contextual capacity of cities for development or redevelopment has been overlooked by urban managers. Cities play an important role in the economic growth of each country, with nearly 60 percent of the GDP of developing countries being produced in cities. They are the main engines of the growth of each country's national economy. The present study attempts to investigate the decision-making patterns of urban land policies in the physical development of Sari. The type of research method is descriptive-analytical and it is of applied nature. The findings of the study indicate that the lack of a clear vision and consequently uncoordinated policies and institutions, centralized and non-cooperative decision making, and excessive tenure without the necessary institutional capacity are the most important reasons for the inefficiency of urban land management policy. Therefore, the appropriate model of government policy in urban land management is integrated urban land management based on clear and necessary vision formulation. Expressing a one-piece strategic policy, and delegating part of the government's powers to the lowest level of local institutions with more specific capacity building, government intervention in the four areas of land management, land use, taxation and construction must be consistent and consistent. Since the government does not have the institutional capacity to perform such verification, it is limited to policymaking and oversight to achieve the policy goals and fulfills part of its verification duties in each of the four domains whilst capacity building the necessary training courses. It moves step by step with the policies adopted to the lowest level of local institutions

Studies have shown that the role of thermal temperature measurement in studying and estimating surface temperature is very important. Earth surface temperature is an important indicator in the study of equilibrium energy models on the ground at the regional and global scale. Due to the limitation of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be a good alternative to earth surface temperature estimation. The main objective of this study is to monitor the surface temperature of the Earth using satellite imagery and a relationship that can have a surface temperature with land use. For this purpose, the relevant images were first obtained and the necessary pre-processes were applied to each one. Then it was compared to modeling and classification of images. Firstly, in order to study land use change, land use classification map was extracted for each two years using a controlled classification method. Then, to study the land use change, the land use change map was extracted for a period of 28 years (1987-2015). Became finally, in order to monitor the surface temperature, the surface temperature map of Meshginshahr was extracted. The results showed that there is a strong relationship between land use and surface temperature. High-vegetation areas and low-temperature blue areas. Also, rainfed farming has the highest average temperature relative to adjacent areas, which indicates the dryness of agricultural products in the Meshginshahr city.

Solar energy is receiving lots of attention because it is one of the cleanest, cheapest and most available energies in the world.but solar radiation in different parts is changing, thus, identifying appropriate locations for implementation of solar energy is necessary. Accordingly the aim of this study was to analyze the potential of solar radiation and land surface temperature on the Loot desert using remote sensing and geo statistical technique. Results show that Earth's surface temperature fluctuates between 29 and 79 degrees Celsius in the Lut Plain. So that Earth's temperature increases to the east and north-east of the region. Also, the radiation energy reaching the surface in the Lut plain varies from 232.77 to 237.61w/m² in different parts of the Lut plain. So that the maximum amount of energy is related to the south of the plain, and the further we move to the north reduces the amount of energy.

Given the potential negative environmental impacts linked with wild landfills in the central part of the Kangan Region, there is a significant need to accelerate the development of controlled inter-municipal landfills. The study area with daily production of 92 tons of waste, due to lack of recycling equipment and incorrect locating landfill is faced with numerous environmental, health and social problems in open sites and unsafe. This study is aimed at identifying suitable sites for solid waste disposal by considering all essential factors and rating criteria by integrating Fuzzy-AHP and GIS with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Kangan county. Standards for siting a landfill formulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were employed in this study. The criteria that are considered herein are land use, slope, elevation, distance to drainage, groundwater and dams, distance to faults, soil, geology, distance to the residence and road, industrial and infrastructure accessibility. These criteria were assigned fuzzy membership classes based on their importance in siting a landfill. The fuzzy members of all criteria were overlaid to generate the final landfill site suitability map which was classified into five: not suitable (53.3%), less suitable (39.1%), moderately suitable (5.4%), suitable (1.4%) and highly suitable (0.6%). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was employed in the selection of the landfill site with reverence to multiple criteria and the fuzzy membership classes in accordance with the standards of the EPA. The results of this research in the management of the urban environment and also in the plans of the optimal disposal of urban solid of this area will be useful.