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After the victory of the Islamic revolution, a new form of attitude towards science and technology was formed in Iran. This scientific discourse was directly influenced by the Islamic revolution and Islamic ideology and formulated new values and goals for the development of science and technology. After the revolution, since the statesmen considered science and technology as one of the key factors for the development and excellence of the society, they formed scientific policies and plans in order to realize the revolutionary and Islamic goals. This attitude towards science and technology in Iran during that period had a significant impact on the country's scientific and technological development. Considering the fact that the Islamic Republic of Iran has been at the helm of scientific leadership in the region after 1357, Iran and its role in the development of scientific power in post-revolution governments. In order to achieve this goal, the descriptive-analytical method and reliable statistics in domestic and foreign sources were used. The findings of the research showed that the type of discourse in different governments includes focusing on industrialization through the substitution of imports and capital resources (1360-1368), modernization and institutionalism and focusing on advanced technologies (1376-1368), focusing on technologies advanced, innovation and export development, and social justice mainly relying on knowledge industries (1384-1376), focusing on the transition of the industry towards knowledge-based innovation in the economy (1384-1392) and emphasizing the increase of international cooperation with an emphasis on identity and Rationality was in compilation and implementation (1392-1400). The results of the research show that in each period, according to the dominant discourse, measures such as the development of higher education and scientific research, the establishment of universities and research centers, and the creation of domestic and international scientific networks can be mentioned.
 

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There are various indicators to monitor and management of agricultural water resources in arid and semi-arid countries including Iran, some of which can be extracted directly in situ, and some can be retrieved using remote sensing technology and satellite images. Aim of this study is to propose the most appropriate and efficient indicators of agricultural water resource management for achieving maximum production and maximum water efficiency using remote sensing technology, therefore, Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Surface Energy Balance Algorithm (SEBAL) were used to estimate Evapotranspiration (ET). In the first step, ET rate was calculated using SEBAL algorithm for six Landsat 8 satellite images related to the wheat growth period. Then, zoning of this index was done in the range of zero to one, in four categories of very low, low, medium and high, which respectively indicate the lowest to the highest amount of ET. In next step, CWSI was calculated based on Idso equation, and its results show different changes both in cold season and in warm months. Comparison of ET and CWSI shows a significant relationship between these two indices in warm months, while in cold months, no significant relationship can be seen. These findings along with the established relationship between ET and CWSI can inform water management strategies in arid environments for sustainable crop production.

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Reconstruction of paleoclimate, including environmental temperature, plays a significant role in understanding the current and future climate. The purpose of this research is to investigate the climatic conditions and calculate the ambient temperature of two sediment cores taken in the Jazmozian basin in the Holocene period. Reconstruction of paleotemperature is done by various methods, one of which is using the value of the standardized variation coefficient of oxygen isotope 18 andcarbon-13. In this regard, the analysis method of oxygen isotopes 18 and 16  andcarbon-13 has been used. At the beginning, there were 46 degrees in Jazmurian core number 1. Then there is a decreasing trend of 10 degrees Celsius up to a depth of 175 cm in 8 levels in the region, at a depth of 175 cm there is an increasing trend and a decrease in the next level and then an increasing and constant trend in the next two levels. In Jazmurian number 2, the temperature is 50 degrees at first, then there is a sharp decrease in temperature at the depth of 80-125 degrees. Then the trend is slightly increased (1 degree) and this temperature continues to the depth of 170, after this there is a decrease in temperature again in the last two layers. The amount of carbon-13 in borehole number 1 varies between 0 and 25.6, and in borehole number 2, the amount of this parameter varies between 25.9 and 27.1. In this area, in core number 1, the value of 6 carbon 13 isotope samples is zero, which indicates the absence of carbon 13 isotope in the sediments. In core number 2, the range of changes is not relatively large. In this region, different temperatures with different amounts of isotopes and different climatic periods can be seen in the Holocene. These climatic changes are usually associated with cultural changes and the decline of civilizations is related to climate change.  It seems that the data of this research will be used by archeology researchers such as the ancient civilizations of Iran

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The more exposure to Climate change / variability, the more vulnerability and a community with low adaptive capacity and high sensitivity is more vulnerable. Vulnerability reduction depends on adaptation policy and strategies. Designing and assessing these strategies require climate vulnerability (CV) measuring. To produce a new CV index, as a main propose of this study, first: The score of exposure factor for two five span years was calculated based on four synoptic stations data (Zabol, Zahedan, Iranshahr and Chabahar). Second: The scores of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity were determined using all of the country census and yearbook data for 1385 and 1390. Third: Due to the nature and factors of vulnerability, a climate vulnerability index was developed based on the multiplicative-exponential model (CVIMEM). Forth: The index was calculated for the province and sub regions. The result shows, although the Sistan and Baluchistan (SB) adaptation capacity was increased, but because of the increased exposure and sensitivity, this province is 16.3% more vulnerable. Area with very high vulnerability label expanded from 57.5% to 100%, which reflects the spatial expansion of vulnerability over SB. The overall result is that vulnerability reduction needs for accurate and continuous measurement, on the increase adaptation capacity and mitigate climate sensitivity.

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According to WTTC (World Tourism and Travel Council) forecast tourism contribution of global GDP will be about 6000 billion dollar in 2020 and will create 300 million job Therefore, Tourism could be considered as multidimensional field that response to tourists needs with diversity interests and motivations. Shopping is the most necessity needs and it is the one popular activity for tourists. Border regions facilitate this activity because they have two potentials: appropriate geographical situation and non-favorite economic condition for host community. One of the best and most popular border cities in Iran country is Baneh that placed in the west boundaries between Iran and Iraq country. Region’s Economy  extremely depends on tourism shopping and majority of the host community directly or indirectly involved in that bussiness. Therefore, we can connect tourist's satisfaction with welfare and/or economical condition improvement. As, if it realize positively, region will develop in close future. This paper aims to evaluate performance of factors influencing tourists overall satisfaction in the Baneh border city due to important of development issue. Here, factors divided into two categories: shopping factors and tourism environmental factors. This research has followed a practical object, a descriptive approach with Field- Survey type in the method. Statistical population included tourists who have traveled to baneh city to purchase mainly. Matching to Morgan's table 400 tourist as statistical sample have selected and the questionnaire give to them randomly. The tools for gathering were base on two method, early data (from the field- survey study) and secondary data (from the library studies).   An analysis of the results revealed that, in thematic destinations, in addition to factors related to specific Theme (Subject) that they were more influencing, The tourism environmental factors also can  influence on the tourist total satisfaction . In sumery, this research aims to examine amount of satisfaction factors impact on the overall satisfaction. Finally, suggestions for relevant governmental institutes are provided.


 

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Nowadays, informal settlements has become a common challenge in many of cities particularly in Metropolises .On one hand, it is a spatial manifestation of social and economical inequalities and injustice at the local, regional and national levels. On the other hand it is the result of urban planning deficiency, absence of citizenship and inattention to social and economical needs of low income groups in urban development plans. In this research, in order to develop main strategies for enabling and regularizing Tabriz informal settlements by zoning the district one’s settlements of Tabriz municipality and identifying the low income and vulnerable zones, the social, economical, physical and environmental indicators have been used. Moreover, the data was analyzed by combining GIS and AHP models and three zones were reached. The research shows the socio-economical and environmental separation between vulnerable zones and others. The CDS strategy has been confirmed because of paying attention to participatory and community-based approach for enabling and regularizing informal settlements of Tabriz district one

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Understanding weather zoning and knowing homogeneous climate regions are essential for land use and regional planning. The aim of this study was to compare three different geographical climate of Iran, the Caspian coastal, mountainous and arid interior of the provinces of Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Qazvin, Qom, and Markazi. In order to do this study, climatic data of 56 synoptic and climatology stations and 19 climatic elements were used by using cluster analysis and factor analysis models. For this purpose, a matrix with dimensions of 56 x 19 and the R configuration and as a database was used for segmentation. By applying factor analysis based on principal components analysis with Varimax orthogonal rotation it was determined that in the climate of these three regions, four factors of humidity, temperature, dust and thunderstorms are affecting more than 85% of the total variance of the climate of this region. The hierarchical cluster analysis method and integration into the matrix of factor scores, four main and several sub-region areas were identified.The main areas are hot, dry desert area, ​​low rainfall mountain slopes, the mountainous and cold and semi-rainy regions and high rainfall and finally the moderate high rainfall. The study of four areas and their local and regional conditions shows that the neighborhood with humidity source such as the Caspian Sea and rough configurations such Alborz Mountains play a decisive role in the formation of north sub-areas.

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The aim of this study is synoptic analysis of heavy precipitations in Kurdistan Province during 1/1/1961 to 31/12/2010(18263days). By using two thresholds of extensively and intensity of precipitation, 107 days have been recognized. In temporal view, the selected days occurrences in wet seasons of year that start from October to June. By applying the principle component analysis on the sea level pressure during the 107 days, the results showed that 12 components explain about 93 percent of sea level pressure variation. The results of the applying cluster analysis on the component score showed that two circulation patterns result in occurrence of extreme and heavy precipitations in Kurdistan province. In order to recognize heavy precipitation in dry season (June to October), the area mean precipitation for the province have been calculated. According to the 99 percentile threshold and extensively of precipitation the heavy phenomena recognized. By two thresholds 32 days selected and same as to the wet season precipitation the sea level pressure data from NOAA extracted. The data analyzed by Principle Component Analysis and 11 components extracted that explain the 93 percent of variation sea level pressure in the frame study. By doing cluster analysis on the 11 components, one pattern recognized for the sea level pressure.  The results showed that in lower atmospheric levels (1000, 925 and 850 hpa) occurred highest convergence on the study region during wet season. The source of humidity in the lower levels is Arabian, Red, Oman, Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Seas. In the high level atmosphere, the value of convergence is low. The sources of humidity in high levels atmosphere are Red and Mediterranean Seas. In the mid level atmosphere (500 hpa) the presence of trough results in nutrition of the instability on the study region. Also during dry season, the highest moisture flux convergence occurred in the low levels but the resource of the moisture is Caspian Sea. In the upper levels (from 700 hpa to up) in addation to Caspian Sea, Mediterranean and Red sea are the resource of heavy precipitations.

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Housing enjoys a multilateral functioning in the rural system. One of the aspects highlighted by planning system is the renewal and rehabilitation of housing. In our country, Iran, development of rural housing has experienced a growing trend, especially in the physical and structural aspects. However, a large part of the rural population in different areas of the country is living in non-resistant and less durable housing. This article attempts to analyze the spatial distribution and quality of rural housing in the country. In this article it is tried to address and analyze the spatial distribution of quality and construction of rural housing in various provinces in the country. The data was derived from document studies. The quality of rural housing in 9 indices has been measured for each province of the country. Data has been analyzed using VIKOR method for the multi-criteria decision analysis. Finally, the classification of provinces based on the construction and quality of rural housing was conducted using K cluster analysis in SPSS and output was drawn in GIS as a map. The results showed that there is a significant difference and distinction in the types of materials used in the rural settlements. Such that a significant percentage of the houses are made out of bricks, iron and stone that somehow confirms the durability and normal quality. In terms of spatial and local distribution it can also be said that the quality of rural housing in most of the provinces (i.e. 24 provinces) are in low-quality, medium and/or appropriate levels. Meanwhile, only three provinces of Mazandaran, Azerbaijan Sharghi and Kerman enjoy the excellent quality in rural housing construction.

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  Climate control centers in each area are diverse and understanding how they relate to the atmospheric components of the Earth's surface contribute to prediction of climate fluctuations.   In this study, by using Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression in a thirty-year period (1961-2010), the relationship between widespread rainfall anomalies in entire of Iran west with temperature and pressure of atmospheric centers in East and West of Mediterranean Sea in 5 atmospheric levels (SLP, 850, 500 and 300 Hpa) were analyzed and modeled. Based on the results, the correlation of atmospheric control centers in the East and West Mediterranean Sea with anomalies of rainfall in West of Iran is inverse and meaningful in 95% level. In this study, statistical indicators such as temperature differences and standardized  pressure between West and East Mediterranean sea were identified as the most important indicators in relation to changes of rainfall in the study area.   Based on the designed indicators, whenever indicators DT and DH is positive, this means higher temperature and higher atmospheric standardized pressure in the Western parts of Mediterranean sea in compare with its East and therefore the wet spells (Monthly) occur in the study area, and If the above mentioned index is negative, means that the occurrence of drought in West Iran. As for the indicators introduced for lower levels of the atmosphere, especially in the case of temperature, meaningful strong and direct correlation is seen with rainfall abnormalities in entire West of Iran. Modeling provided some indicator for Mediterranean region using multivariate regression that they showed a relatively strong correlation in this regard of the selected components that include the pressure difference in sea level, the temperature difference in 925 and 850 hPa level in the West (Compared to its East) Mediterranean sea. Also check the regression model using real data confirm the accuracy of the relative performance of the model.  

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Precipitation is one of the most intractable elements. The oscillating behavior of the crucial environmental planning (explicit and tacit knowledge of the behavior), is the key variable. Spectrum analysis techniques to understand the behavior of overt or covert methods suitable for the extraction and analysis of climate oscillations with different wave lengths. The size range of the distribution variance across all wave lengths may provide time series. In this study, data from 37 stations Heleh and Mond watershed (both rain and synoptic) from its inception until 2011,  who had over 30 years of data, to analyze the cycle of annual rainfall, interest has been taken. So that the space is 3-2 year cycles in every area of study, the highest annual rainfall events are returned. On this basis, the Story of annual precipitation 95 percent for each of the stations under study and cycle meaningful estimate of the time series of basin data were extracted.

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According to urban environment complexity and dynamism and need to targeted land use change, incorporation GIS and PSS in the form of Spatial Planning Support Systems is inevitable. The aim of this study is to develop a spatial planning support system for urban land uses change (ULCMS), such that planners can enter expert knowledge in the form of desired criteria and weights and see their influence in results. The developed system including modules for land suitability evaluation, calculation of the area of required land and land use change. Access models, neighborhood models and Multi Criteria Decision Making methods, fuzzy operators, linear regression, maximum potential and hierarchical optimization models is used in planning and implementation these modules. System practical test performed for measuring residential, commercial, industrial, agriculture and service land use changes for the year 1390 and 1395 in Shiraz city. The result shows that ULCMS help users in better understanding, showing complexity of land use system and development and improvement land management strategies for the creation of better balance between urban expansion and environmental conservation.

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Urban segregation has been a problem of many cities of the world. Many researchers have interested in the urban segregation issues. Urban segregation has strongly concentrated poverty and created underclass. Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, and depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. To understand and plan a better community, urban planners needs to know how to measure the segregation and interpret the results. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most used multigroup measures of residential segregation (8 indicators) in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software. In general, the results show the occurrence of segregation in the medium amount to the high amount and by the calculated values of 0/7177, 0/5785, 0/5474 – 1, 0/5407, 0/3969, 0/3759, 0/3613, 0/3375 in the city of Shiraz. On the other hand, the use of Hot spots Analysis in the study area shows that the greatest concentrations of the socio-economic high group are in almost near the center of Shiraz city and the northwest of city, and for the socio-economic medium group exists in the west of city. Also there is the greatest concentration of the socio-economic low group in the southwest of Shiraz city.

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In this study, the interaction between atmosphere and earth surface and its effect on the simulation of Sistan wind structure in the East of Iranian plateau is investigated. For this purpose, four experiments have been carried out with RegCM4, with horizontal resolution of 20 km. In non-topography experiments, the model was implemented in three different conditions. The results indicated that the Sistan wind is a multi-scale climate phenomenon which will be affected by topography both in wind intensity and in wind direction in the lower troposphere. In the synoptic scale, the pressure gradient which dominates between Pakistan heat low and the Turkmenistan anticyclone (Caspian Sea high pressure) can create a large scale background northerly flow in the lower troposphere which will be passing through the whole area in the east of Iranian Plateau. Furthermore, in meso to regional scales, the topography of the area would be responsible for creation and maintenance of a Low Level Jet (LLJ) through a mechanical and thermal forcing. the mechanical forcing of mountains are responsible for appearance of two LLJ cores across eastern borders of Iran which their preference locations would be around Atishan Desert in the north and upstream of Hamon Lake in the south. As a general result, by eliminating the topography in all non-topography experiments, the LLJ core will disappear on upstream of Hamon Lake as the most important mechanical forcing of the mountains. However, eliminating only the southern Khorasan Mountains will accelerate the north LLJ core in the Atishan Desert, while the LLJ core on the upstream of Hamon Lake will disappear over the Iran Borders at the same time. To evaluate the influence of thermal forcing of the mountains on Sistan wind structure, the total heating, as a residual term of thermodynamic equation, is calculated. The results indicate that mountains have a significant role to building a local low level circulation in the east of Iranian Plateau.