In this study, by using the Mann-Kendall nonparametric method and Sen' s Estimator slope test, the trend of some elements including  precipitation, average of maximum and minimum temperature and the  number of snowy days Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province covers part of Zagros and Zardkohe-Bakhtiari highlands, from which three major rivers including Zayandehrud, Dez and Karun originate. in an annual and monthly scale, was evaluated in  the stations of the province during a period of 30 years (1986-2015). The output was presented in the form of tables, graphs and iso-trend maps as drawn in the Arc_GIS. The results showed that although changes in rainfall did not follow any specific trend in most months of the year, the amount of precipitation in the stations of Koohrang as the rainiest station in the Province, Lordegan and Yan-Cheshme had a decreasing trend at the significance level of 99%; also, the the number of snowy days during March showed a decreasing trend in Koohrang station. However, the average minimum and maximum temperature in most areas of the province, in both monthly and yearly scales, except for the months of November and December, had a significantly increasing trend.

In this study is predicted the groundwater level of Sharif Abad catchment using some artificial intelligence models. For this purpose used of monthly groundwater levels for modeling in the three observed wells located in the Sharif Abad watershed of Qom. To compare the results of the hybrid model of wavelet analysis-neural network (WNN), genetic programming (GP) multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN), two criteria of root mean squared error (RMSE) and nash-sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) is used. The results of the study indicated that the WNN models provide more accurate monthly groundwater level predicted in compared to the ANN, GP and MLR models so the nash-sutcliffe coefficient in WANN model for piezometers 1, 2 and 3 are 0.98, 0.98 and 0.95, respectively.

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  Temperature alteration plays special role as one of the most basic climate elements. So inspection of temperature alteration and anticipation has scientific- applied magnitude. In this study inspection of several cases of statistical characteristics of monthly­ average, maximum and minimum temperature and illumination of their alteration method­, temperatures predictability by ANFIS is evaluated­. Applied data is over 288 months during 24 years of statistical period since January of 1987 until December of 2010 through synoptic stations of Pars Abad, Ardebil and Khalkhal. According to equations of data lineal process­, lineal process of temperatures through all of the stations is positive and­ additive­. Lineal process gradient in minimum temperature is more than other­ maximum and average temperature. Less amplitude more variance and standard aviation and­­ data ­predictability is more. According to present article adaptive Neuro – fuzzy inference system mostly has acceptable function through anticipation of monthly minimum, maximum and average temperature in the stations of Ardebil province.

An AO is an example of teleconnection pattern in the northern hemisphere’s winter. In this study, the effect of AO on the monthly minimum temperatures in the North-East region of Iran is investigated. The required statistics, including statistics monthly minimum temperatures for 17 synoptic stations of the under study area was provided from Iran Meteorological Organization’s (IRMO). Pearson correlation analysis as the main method used in this study Show an inverse relationship between minimum temperatures and most selected stations and AO index.The results of this study shows that there is a significant relationship between the AO teleconnection pattern and minimum temperatures of north-east of Iran during the cold season of the year. This shows decrease of temperature in positive phase of the AO and rise of temperature is negative phase. In terms of time correlation coefficients were calculated showed a significant negative correlation between the temperature of stations and the AO Among the studied stations, the relationship between the minimum and average monthly temperatures in Birjand and Bojnoord station more than other stations, affected by the AO pattern, has been fluctuated and significant correlation coefficients between the minimum and average temperature of Birjand and Bojnoord Stations with AO has been calculated. The effect of Arctic oscillation on mean temperature of the studied area, north-east of Iran, during the three months, January to march, and ,two months, January to February, is very distinctive against any other periods of time.

This study aimed to evaluate the climatic conditions for the establishment of Borujerd city in the design of buildings and streets of the city with an emphasis on radiant energy, an attempt to reduce problems related to cold climate is that in order to achieve this goal of data synoptic station in the city of Boroujerd a period of 23 years, including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and other parameters as maximum, minimum and average is used. This study is cross-sectional study and extensive research studies of all documents related to the concept and the; and the method of data collection in the expression of the status quo and in Analysis of the types of library issues Bamtalh documents, and field research. The main tools of analysis in this study include Oleg bioclimatic models, Gioni and computational methods is the law of cosines In this respect, first using data from synoptic weather station borujerd in chart eco building and open spaces and drawing on its,thresholds and thermal requirements of the building inside and outside and then priorities for the design and construction of climate , urban streets is determined;The results showed that , best orientation for settlement building in Borujerd in order to optimize the energy consumption is south- north after15 west.and best orientation for streets plan in Borujerd according the  AS interaction is toward southwest- northeast and after that 60 west in order to avoid permanent ice and snow.

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Guidance plan does with economic, structure, social and cultural attitude in Iran and this plan has high effect on rural life. Therefore it is essential that we study guidance plan base of rural managers and rural councils attitude. Investigative method was descriptive, analysis (survey method) and research tools were questionnaire. Statistical society includes rural managers and rural council members. Sampling method in rural managers was census method and rural council methods were random sampling method. Number of rural managers was 31 and number of rural council members was 103 respondents (in councils with 3 members we select 3 respondents and in rural councils with 5 members we select 3 respondents). Results shows that guidance plan have positive effect on structure of village. But in economic and cultural dimensions, there is no effect on villages. Maps of guidance plan were weak. Respondent believe that there are low satisfaction about guidance plan among rural managers and rural council members. It is important and we must notice to it.  

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In this research, impacts of climate change on the streamflow hydrological status of the Arazkooseh River are discussed. After Calibration and validation of the LARS-WG, HadCM3 was downscaled under A2 Scenario in three climatology station. Beside, calibration and validation of the SWAT model were done by observed data relative to past period of times. Streamflow values are then predicted using climatic parameters of period of 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 years via SWAT model. The results indicated that the average annual temperature will increased around 0.8, 1.2 and 4.9 °C in desired periods, respectively. Precipitation values will increased 8.8 and 11.2 percent in the early and mid- century and it will decreased with 7.8 percent in the last years of century, correspondingly. The peak of rainfall will moved from month of March to the December. Because of climate changes, streamflow will increase 13 and 5 percent in the near periods. By contrast, in this case, it will reduce around 18 percent in far future. In this case research, the river discharge will increased in autumn and will decreased in spring seasons. Likewise, results of estimation showed that the annual peak flow will shifted from month of March to the April.

In Iran the issue of occurring natural disasters, particularly mesoscale convective systems. They are important on one hand, because of their increasing intimidations and causing damages and on the other hand, because of their increasing abundance, time of duration, and happening. Therefore life cycle, constituton condition and mesoscale convective systems features in west of Iran using satellite and extention area index and thresholds of brightness temperature 221 and 243 K have been studied. After their statistic analysis, based on mesoscale convective system importance, life and daily cycle, behavior parameters, and synoptic conditions of this system life cycle were analysed. Most of the systems have been formed in southeastern Iraq and in western Zagros hillsides. Wile puberty stages (the maturity) and their expandings were increased with the height increase; in turn, declining of the systems began by passing Zagros chain mountains. The system extention area at the system life cycle starting increases with a smooth process; whereas the reduction process of the system extention area at the declining stage was severe and sudden.

There are numerous methods to estimate missing values of which some are used depending on the data type and regional climatic characteristics. In this research, part of the monthly precipitation data in Sarab synoptic station, east Azerbaijan province, Iran was randomly considered missing values. In order to study the effectiveness of various methods to estimate missing data, by seven classic statistical methods and M5 model tree as one of efficient data mining methods, hypothetical missing values were estimated using precipitation data from neighbor station. The results showed that multiple imputation, Delta Learning Rule, and Multivariable Linear Regression (MLR) yield relatively more accurate results with fewer errors. The results also indicate the fact that, developing if-then rules, M5 tree model, as one of modern data mining methods, has been able to give the most accurate results among the mentioned methods with four simple linear relationship and statistical values including correlation coefficient (0.974), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (0.948), RMSE (5.11), and MAE (4.189). Therefore, taking simple modeling process, functionality, comprehensibility, and high accuracy of this method into account, this method is proposed to estimate monthly precipitation missing values.

The purpose of this study is erosion and sediment is estimated in whole of Lay watershed, located in the North Wast of Iran.In this study, the model of WEPP, was provided for simulation and forecast of erosion and sedimentation in the study watershed. The data required for WEPP model are entered in six files, including soil file, management, climate, slope, channel and pounds files. In this study, after determining of work units, the information for developing file were collected. In this region there are, 3 types of soil, 2 managements  and 5 channel types. After making the files, WEPP model was run via Geowepp software. It is notable that in this software water erosion and sediment amount was estimated by three methodes of hillslope, watershed and fow path. In these methods sediments estimated were 0.308, 0.215, 0.491 tha^-1 y^-1, respectively. According to estimated results, the hillslpe with 0.308  tha^-1 y^-1 was in good agreement with actual amount 0.319 and is suitable for the erosion and sediment of  Lay watershed.

Urban segregation has been a problem of many cities of the world. Many researchers have interested in the urban segregation issues. Urban segregation has strongly concentrated poverty and created underclass. Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, and depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. To understand and plan a better community, urban planners needs to know how to measure the segregation and interpret the results. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most used multigroup measures of residential segregation (8 indicators) in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software. In general, the results show the occurrence of segregation in the medium amount to the high amount and by the calculated values of 0/7177, 0/5785, 0/5474 – 1, 0/5407, 0/3969, 0/3759, 0/3613, 0/3375 in the city of Shiraz. On the other hand, the use of Hot spots Analysis in the study area shows that the greatest concentrations of the socio-economic high group are in almost near the center of Shiraz city and the northwest of city, and for the socio-economic medium group exists in the west of city. Also there is the greatest concentration of the socio-economic low group in the southwest of Shiraz city.

Air temperature is one of the most frequently used parameters in the assessment of climate change at global and regional scale. So researchers have tried to modeling and predicting it with different models. This study also aims to model and predict the country's monthly minimum and maximum temperature. Investigates of temporal temperature changes is done by Sen’s estimator and Pettit method and predicting made by Holt-Winters model. The results indicated that the minimum temperature during 1961 to 2010 increased by 2.9º C . This rate is more in stations located in the warm and dry regions (3.1°C) than any other stations (1.8°C). While the maximum temperature gradient changes are lower and is about 2.1°C. The results also confirmed the performance of Holt-Winter's forecasting model. Beside a few exceptions, the minimum and maximum temperature will be increased until 2020. The highest increase of temperature will occur in Khoy, so that the minimum and maximum temperature will be increased about 0.6°C and 0.28°C, respectively.

In this study, the interaction between atmosphere and earth surface and its effect on the simulation of Sistan wind structure in the East of Iranian plateau is investigated. For this purpose, four experiments have been carried out with RegCM4, with horizontal resolution of 20 km. In non-topography experiments, the model was implemented in three different conditions. The results indicated that the Sistan wind is a multi-scale climate phenomenon which will be affected by topography both in wind intensity and in wind direction in the lower troposphere. In the synoptic scale, the pressure gradient which dominates between Pakistan heat low and the Turkmenistan anticyclone (Caspian Sea high pressure) can create a large scale background northerly flow in the lower troposphere which will be passing through the whole area in the east of Iranian Plateau. Furthermore, in meso to regional scales, the topography of the area would be responsible for creation and maintenance of a Low Level Jet (LLJ) through a mechanical and thermal forcing. the mechanical forcing of mountains are responsible for appearance of two LLJ cores across eastern borders of Iran which their preference locations would be around Atishan Desert in the north and upstream of Hamon Lake in the south. As a general result, by eliminating the topography in all non-topography experiments, the LLJ core will disappear on upstream of Hamon Lake as the most important mechanical forcing of the mountains. However, eliminating only the southern Khorasan Mountains will accelerate the north LLJ core in the Atishan Desert, while the LLJ core on the upstream of Hamon Lake will disappear over the Iran Borders at the same time. To evaluate the influence of thermal forcing of the mountains on Sistan wind structure, the total heating, as a residual term of thermodynamic equation, is calculated. The results indicate that mountains have a significant role to building a local low level circulation in the east of Iranian Plateau.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the natural result of human activities. If an appropriate management system do not use to this problem, it may lead to environmental pollution and jeopardize the human health. Landfill site selection in urban areas is a critical issue due to its huge impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health. Therefore, numerous criteria must be considered and the selection process is a complicated since it has to integrate social, environmental and technical parameters. In this study, the most suitable candidate sites for locating landfill in Shahrood-Bastam watershed, as a case study area are determined by using an integration of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. For this purpose, 12 data layers including Elevation, Stream density, Fault density, Habituate density, distance to road, plan curvature, lithology, slope, Temperature, soil, land use and distance to protected area extracted with Arc GIS 10.1 are prepared and one of MCDM methods which is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is implemented. For determination of criteria weight, analytic hierarchy process was used. Lithology, land use and slope criteria with the highest score (0.24, 0.18, and 0.14) had the greatest impact on landfilling. The results showed that, zone 2 for the reason of low fault and drainage density, suitable distance of Urban areas, appropriate slope, topography and lithology has obtained the lowest Euclidean distance from ideal positive (0.026), the highest Euclidean distance from ideal negative (0.228), and the lowest relative distance from the ideal solution (0.894), as a result, The greatest weight and highest priority is allocated for landfill. The results of this research will be fruitful in systemic management approach of urban regions

The rural guide plan is the most important tool in the management of rural development in Iran. The final purpose of the plan, improvement of life quality and providing a safe and attractive environment to live in rural areas. The aim of this study is to emphasize the characteristics rural guide plans, which include: Improve the quality of housing, street network, land use and access to services, environmental rural its effects on the objective quality of life of the villagers tested. The research method in present study was functional in terms of purpose, and analytical-descriptive and solidarity methodologically. The study population was selected from 22 villages in which guide plan had been implemented, among them 8 villages with a population of 3835 households was selected by using sampling method. From the selected villages by using sampling method (Cochran), 249 randomly selected rural households were interviewed. Data collected from the questionnaires, were analyzed using the statistical analysis methods in SPSS, and Fitness model search EQS software. According to the results of Pearson's correlation tests, the findings of present study showed a significant and strong correlation between implementation of rural guide plan and the mental facet of life quality by a 0.75 correlation coefficient, so that rural guide plan explained 57% of the variation of dependent variable, and among guide plan dimensions the changing environmental rural affected the objective improvement of life quality of villagers by 29 percent. There is a direct and complete correlation in spatial distribution of relationship between the implementation of guide plan and the objective quality of life in 8 study villages.

Research goall is survey in the situation of quality of housing and rural vitality and survey of relationship of housing quality and vitality of rural settlements. The population of research is Khawmirabad county (Kurdestan Province, Mariwan Township) with 2737 households. Research method is analytical –description based on questionnaire and it is applicable research . In order to gathering the data we used documentary and field method and interviews and questionnaire based on Likert scale(five – range opinion)has been used. In order to sampling we used random sampling and by using of Cochran formula that sample size is equal to 290 households. In order to analysis of data’s from questionnaire, we used both of Descriptive (mean and deviation) and Inferential(One sample T, Linear regression, Chi- square) Statistics. The results of this study indicate a low level of economic dimensions (2.34) and political (2.97), vitality and quality of housing than the average (2.74). This difference is statistically significant at the alpha level 0.01 numerical difference utility as evaluation and assessment is negative. The results also show that the greatest impact of the quality of housing is on the social dimension with a beta coefficient of 0/570 and the lowest on the economic dimension with 0/077 beta coefficient.

Knowing of precipitation values in different regions is always of main and strategic issues of human which has important role in short- term and long-term decisions. In order to determine of precipitation model and forecasting it, there are different models, but given that the precipitation data have a spatial autocorrelation, the spatial statistic is a powerful tool to recognition of spatial behaviors. In this research, for determine of precipitation model and predicting of it with geographical factors e.g. altitude, slope and view shade and latitude- longitude by using spatial regressions analysis such as ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographical weighted regressions(GWR), 13 synoptic stations of Khuzestan province from establishment to 2010 were used. Results showed a powerful correlation between precipitations with geographical factors. Also results of modeling through OLS and GWR representative that forecasting of GWR is close to reality, so that in GWR, the sum of errors of residuals is less, the  is more and there aren't any spatial autocorrelation in residuals and the residuals are normal. The of OLS can only justify 75 percent of precipitation variations with spatial factors while in GWR this quantity is 82- 97 percent. Accordingly, it was found that, in east, northeast and north of province the altitudes, in east and northeast and Zagros Mountains the view shade and slope are the most important spatial factors, respectively.

One of the unique properties of northern landforms of zanjanrood catchment is having smooth surfaces that have been interrupted by deep valleys. Rivers that don’t have a wide catchment upper their front mount are running in parallel deep valleys that the topographical situations don’t let them to receive around surface runoffs. This situation has made them to move in parallel form and not to join with each other. In some parts of sub basins, the water dividing line had been incorporated with the beach of main river valley (Sohrein River). The extent of catchments upper the mount front is not in a situation that let to dig valleys that sometimes exceeded to hundreds meters deep. These valleys had kept their primary height differences than it’s around. According to these properties, the style of formation and their evolution was considered as a geomorphological point. To get the answer, topographic and geologic maps and satellite images was made, and traced the geomorphologic effects of faults and corrected in different field works. Evaluation of tectonic activity in area, have been estimated by using Morphtectonics indicators of asymmetric factor (Af), integral hypsometric curve (Hi), valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf) and transverse topographic (T). Relative Active Tectonics Index (LAT) showed the whole basin high activity (class2). Based on the Af index uplift have been attributed to the right bank in Sohrin and Sarmsaqlv basins and in Qracharian sub-basin to the left bank. Which states that the center of Neotectonic power center located in the place between the three sub-basins?

In this study, the Frequency and the spell of rainy days was analyzed in Lake Uremia Basin using Markov chain model. For this purpose, the daily precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations in Lake Uremia basin were used for the period 1995- 2014. The daily precipitation data at each station were classified into the wet and dry state and the fitness of first order Markov chain on data series was examined using Chi-square test at a significance level of 0.01 and was approved. After computing transition probability matrix, the persistent probability, average spell of dry days and rainy days and weather cycle was calculated. By calculating the frequency of 1-10 rainy, the spell of this periods and 2-5-days return period were calculated. The results show that in this study period the average of rainy days is 25% and the probability of P_dd is more than other states (P_ww ، P_dw و P_wd). The average spell of rainy days in the study area was estimated at about two days. Generally, in all stations the persistent probability of wet state is more than rainy state. Estimation of frequency and spell of rainy days and 2-5-days return period show that with increasing duration, the frequency of rainy days decreases. Also with increasing duration of rainy days, their spell is reduces and return period increases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of global warming on where the slope changes when the monthly temperature in Iranian territory over the coming decades (2050-2015). The simulated temperature dynamic model EH5OM subset Hybrid Models atmospheric circulations (GCM) selection and data model of the Center for Theoretical Physics Salam (Italy) were derived from emission scenarios A1B scenario was chosen given the scenario of 2100 -2001 found that from 2050 to 2015 were used in this study data is then output the data in the fourth edition of the regional climate model (RegCM4) Linux environment was fine scale output data Downscaling model with dimensions of 27/0 * 27 / Degrees latitude is where the dimensions of 30 x 30 km area of ​​approximately cover the average temperature of the matrix deals 13140 2140 * was extracted. Finally, the slope of the average monthly temperature during the period under study by Mann-Kendall slope age and matrix computation in MATLAB software 13140 * 12 respectively. Results show rising temperatures in March and April to June, more than 90% of the country, that it will be spring's warmer. Increasing the temperature in the winter months and spring mountainous parts of the western half of the country is warming the cold regions of Iran. Temperature negative trend in October and November in the northern part of the eastern half of the region's countries could be indicative of colder temperatures in the northern West.