Mrs Sahel Tabatabayee, Dr Maryam Robati, Dr Zahra Azizi,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial pattern of urban green space distribution applying the Network Analysis Process Model (ANP) and VIKOR (Case Study: District 5 of Tehran). After the Islamic Revolution, due to various reasons such as overflow of population to Tehran from the central and southern regions and the flood of refugees to Tehran, it has faced with the increase in population and development, which makes it important to study the distribution of green space in different parts of the city. Two types of questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire was completed by available sampling method from the participants in the parks of the area. The results were then analyzed using the VIKOR model. The second questionnaire was distributed among the relevant experts and analyzed using the ANP method. Considering the fact that the factors such as appropriate equipment, size and suitability for children had the highest weight, it is suggested that places for green space in the studied area should be determined in order to increase the number of green spaces. It is because, location was mentioned as an important factor. This can be achieved through the construction of parks in places close to residential areas away from military and arterial locations. Areas 5 and 2 suffered from the lack of green space and residents' dissatisfaction with the green space, thus being recommended; these are the first areas to increase green space and improve it by the municipality of the region.
Abolfazl Moarefi, Arash Sadri, Hadi Gholami Norabad, Behzad Saeidi,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
As a novel idea for discussion on the role of industrial development on regional development, the term “cluster” became noteworthy since 90’s in order to increase competitiveness. Territorial development researchers believe that formation of regional industrial clusters improves competitiveness and plays a role in promoting competitive advantages and regional development. Hence, because of the possibility of realization of competitive advantage, Tourism clusters became a focal point for research and policy making. Against this background, the purpose of this research is to analyze and review the role of industrial clusters on development of regional competitiveness and assumes that the higher number of relations in an industrial cluster leads to higher level of regional competitiveness. The research applies descriptive-analytical research method and utilizes questionnaire to collect data. The data was studied by SPSS and Lisrel software packs after approval of validity and reliability of data. Findings corroborate the relation between higher number of relations in industrial clusters with higher level of regional competitiveness and also identifies the contributing factors to development and stimulation of regional development which are ranked by the order of their effect as follows: 1. Social relations, 2. Geographic and location relations, 3. Economic relations, and 4. Institutional relations.
Gholamreza Gholamreza Jaliz, Karim Karim Hoseinzadeh, Hosein Hosein Nazmfar,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
An infill development of the process of urban developing and reusing empty or unused parts or sections of existing urban areas that have already been developed. the infill development, which may be considered as the simplest interpretation of endogenous development, tends to extend development on these lands, with emphasizing the abandoned and empty intra-city lands. Current research with an analytical approach in the infill development with the emphasis on the 8th district of Tabriz Municipality and utilizing statistical-spatial methods has been get involved to this issue. This kind of research is known as descriptive-analytical. the methodology of this research is based on quantitative-spatial approaches. the research method used in this study is a combination of documentary-library methods. in the analytical section, considering the indicators and requirements of infill development in the form of 16 target indicators, the case study and feasibility of infill development in Tabriz 8th district have been discussed. in the current study, to investigate and analyze the strategic role of infill development in regeneration of the urban texture worn of the historical-cultural axis of the metropolitan city of Tabriz, utilizing the geographical information system (GIS) software and Overlapping Functional Analysis, type of weighted overlay and FAHP is done. The results of present study are presented in the form of three priority development plans as well as unauthorized developmental areas.
Mina Bakhshi, Saeed Piri, Alireza Estalaji,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
cultural axes as Part of public spaces in cities Play an important role in meeting human needs Many urban theorists Cultural Aspects As One of the main components of a city system is known Because along with its functional role Increase community in urban spaces so In order to further these spaces And to meet the needs of the people We must pay attention to the quality of perception of the environment And examined them in this research Such an approach is in re-creation By identifying and evaluating the dimensions and principles of recreation Promoting the quality of environmental perception in the Enghelab axis The aim of this study Recreation of the cultural axis of Enghelab Street Emphasizing the quality of environmental perception current study A field research with a descriptive-analytic approach And looking for the answer to this question,What are the socio-cultural components of social regeneration in relation to the components of the quality of environmental perception? To formulate a theoretical framework First, using the documentary method The theoretical basis of the subject is detailed And then Analyzing existing approaches Emphasizing the quality of the environment Trying to rationalize the arguments As a result, a conceptual framework has been developed for this purpose In addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces In that quantitative analysis of the indicators has been done using a questionnaire To measure collected data Regression statistical test To measure the factors affecting regeneration And the quality of the environment,Pearson Correlation Test To measure the relationship between the components of perceptual quality and regeneration And Friedman test in order to prioritize each indicator And the average rating of the indicators Citizens' perspective is used The results Suggests that Among the indicators, Respectively,Environmental component, first priority and then content component Promote the quality of the environment
Mr Jamaleddin Honarvar, Dr Mohammad Ali Tabarsa,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
Many contemporary urban environments are not self-sufficient with the physical and mental characteristics of the residents. Proper and purposeful design of urban environments can reduce the risks to health. The rivers of urban valleys and their open spaces are our natural and national wealth and heritage. Their value in urban plans remains unknown. In this study, in order to organize spatial space along urban rivers with a health promotion approach to achieve suitable environmental conditions for the survival of Darkeh River in Tehran (between the Modiriat bridge and Hemmat highway) and improving the quality of the surrounding environment. The research method was descriptive-analytical with survey technique. Using SPSS and LISREL8.80 software, the descriptive data of the questionnaire were analyzed. Internal and external environmental factors have been identified through field interviews from residents of three neighborhoods of IranZamin, DehVanak and the scope of the project using SWOT method. Using the Pearson continuity test and the SEM continuity diagram, it was found that there are four direct components of river flow organization (safety, continuity, vitality, flexibility) and improving the health of citizens in these three neighborhoods. At the end of the conceptual model, based on the effect of independent variables of organizing river-valleys on the dependent variables of citizenschr('39') health, it was presented and drawn and the fit of the conceptual model was confirmed using standard values of T test. In the end, based on the current situation and analyzes, 11 strategies and 39 design strategies have been presented.
Farzin Nematbakhsh Abkenar, Mansoureh Aligholi, Hossein Safarzadeh, Seyed Kamran Nourbakhsh,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
Cinemas and local movie theaters belong to the people of the city, which are designed to have a meaningful presence of citizens in the environment, as well as to strengthen intellectual and social relations. Cinemas and cinema campuses include a valuable collection in terms of culture, old and new art, a place belonging to the people of the city, which is necessary and inevitable in order to spend leisure time of citizens and also to strengthen intellectual and social relations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of cinema and film screening venues on improving the art cinema market and cultural promotion of urban spaces. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study includes the citizens of District 6 of Tehran. The sample size was estimated to be 384 using the Cochran's formula. The library-field method was used to collect data. In order to analyze the research data, structural equation modeling in LISREL software environment was used. The results showed that cinema and movie theaters have a positive and significant effect on the art cinema market and cultural promotion of urban space, so that the variable amount of cinema and movie theaters on the art cinema market more than cultural promotion It was an urban space. Other results of this study also showed that the improvement of the art cinema market has a mediating role in the relationship between cinema and film screening places with the cultural promotion of urban space.
Sara Behvandi, Abbas Arghan, Mohammad Reza Zand Moghadam, Zeynab Karke Abadi,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dust on the economy of Ahvaz. The present study has used descriptive and analytical research methods. In addition, this research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study includes specialists, managers, experts and professors in the field of environment and dust in the city of Ahvaz is 65 people. The sample size was selected based on the total census of 65 people. A questionnaire designed in urban economics in the city of Ahvaz, which has four main variables. Based on this, the questionnaire has 32 questions that will be researcher-made and each of the four main variables has eight questions. Experts and professors formalized the validity of the questionnaire and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.81. Data analysis was performed based on structural equation analysis in Smart PLS software. In general, dust has affected the economy of Ahvaz city and this has been in such a way that dust on urban housing with an impact factor of 0.63 and a value of 11.4 T, Dust mites on urban transport with an impact factor of 0.60 and a value of 9.94 T, dust mites on urban facilities and facilities with an impact factor of 0.54 and a value of 6.70 T and dust mites on urban finance with an impact factor of 0.68 and a value of T 16 / 12 has had an impact
Mohammad Saghebi, Ezatollah Mafi, Mehdi Watanparast,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
Today, urban livability is the key concept in urban planning. At present, the concept of sustainable development and livability is one of the new concepts in developed countries. The city of Bojnourd has witnessed unequal urban spaces due to the increasing population growth, especially in the last three decades, so the necessity and importance of the issue of livability is quite evident in the city today. This study was developed with the aim of evaluating and measuring urban viability and the factors affecting it. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In order to collect the required data and information, library and field methods and questionnaire tools were used. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens living in Bojnourd, the sample size was estimated 384 people using Cochranchr('39')s formula. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, one-sample t-test and linear regression were used in SPSS software. The results of this study showed that the situation of urban livability in Bojnourd, according to the general average obtained, which was equal to 2.75, is in a situation below the average. Also, in terms of the studied dimensions, the social dimension with an average of 2.84 has the highest average and the environmental dimension with an average of 2.67 has the lowest average. Also, the results of this study show that the situation in Region 2 is better than in Region 1 of Bojnourd. Other findings of this study include the positive effect of citizenschr('39') sense of security and health on urban livability.
Gholam Reza Soroushan, Abdallah Hendiani, Parvane Zivyar Pardei, Ali Tavakolan,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
In recent decades, the issue of resilience has become a specialized and public issue in society. Concepts of resilience in urban communities, which is in fact an action against development at the national level and purely physical development on an urban scale, and an attempt to achieve qualitative standards in the field of urban planning. In the meantime, the issue of resilience in urban communities means that society is able to withstand severe natural disasters without major damage, injury, production stoppage and reduced quality of life, and also at the superficial level, the goal of resilience as an ideal. The world is at the individual, organizational and community level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urban governance on urban resilience. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Tehran and experts in the field of research. The sample size was estimated for the statistical group of citizens using Cochran's formula 384 people and for specialists 60 people. In order to analyze the information and achieve the research objectives, structural equation modeling in LISREL software environment was used. Findings of this study showed that urban governance has a direct effect on urban resilience so that 0.42% of the variance of urban resilience variable can be explained by urban governance.
Dr Sadegh Seidbeigi, Mr Omeid Samandari, Mr Ali Hossein Shahein, Mr Mosttafa Behshad,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The increasing population growth in urban areas has created adverse social, economic, environmental and physical impacts on cities. Therefore, cities must provide better places for life. One of these places is the creation of pedestrian streets. The purpose of this research is to find out the development of a pedestrian with a human-centered approach in the city of Golghah which has been selected in the direction of three streets of Imam, 17 Shahrivar and Taleghani. In this study, we evaluated the factors influencing the utility of urban walkways in a human-centered approach from the point of view of experts and people. So this chapter consists of three main sections. In the first part of the criteria, in the form of a questionnaire and 348 questionnaires, pedestrians and residents were evaluated on the status of the streets in view of these criteria and indicators to determine the best option for walking. In the following, the criteria and indicators extracted from the study of theoretical foundations and research literature were ranked by Delphi method and the hierarchical analysis model using expert selection software. Finally, considering the importance of each indicator and prioritizing people in the streets, according to descriptive studies, alternative strategies are to be prioritized for pedestrians. To do this, first, prioritize alternatives based on the following indicators Then, considering the coefficient of importance of each and the impact of each of these indicators and sub-indicators, prioritizing the streets for the implementation of the human-made walkways was presented that Imam Street with a score of 36% compared to the other highest priority in the city of Haloogha for the implementation of the pedestrian It has a way. As well as Shahrivar St. with 33.4 percent in the next priority for the implementation of the human-like pavement plan. September 17th, with a score of 7.30%, is the third priority for pedestrians.
Abbas Ladani, Ahmad Pour Ahmad, Karamatollah Ziyari, Rahmatollah Farhoudi, Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop good governance indicators and criteria, evaluate good governance in integrated management of Kish, and provide strategies to promote integrated management of coastal areas with good governance approach. To accomplish these goals, firstly, by explaining the subject literature and reviewing the research background, an integrated coastal zone management model with a good governance approach was presented. The main criteria in this model are participation, legislation, accountability, accountability, central justice, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, and community-centricity, each of which includes sub-criteria. Then, by using questionnaire and interviewing residents and experts, as well as by applying hierarchical analysis method, good governance status in integrated management of Kish was assessed. The final score of Kish by calculations was 2.53 (out of 5), indicating a relatively inadequate situation of good governance in Kish integrated management. Finally, solutions were presented to promote good governance in the integrated management of
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Somayeh Jahan Tigh Mond , Yassin Zeini Vand, Seyyed Moein Moosavi Nadoshan,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
This study aims at organizing the city of Poldokhtar in the city of Kashkan. Using this element of natural value, the city is being restored and organized, and its potential for tourism and development of tourism and economic prosperity is to be used. The paths of the rivers within the city can be used as a linear route, and can be used as a sustainable urban tourism axis. In the case of the spatial and spatial organization of the rivers for such a purpose, various, yet standardized patterns for shaping and managing the length of rivers can be used. Finally, the findings of library studies and the results of a field survey were distributed through a questionnaire and SPSS software using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the coefficient obtained in this study was equal to 8,377, which indicates the appropriate credit for Data collection. In the final stage, using the AMOS software and the structural equivalence method, the relationship between the main components of the research and the constituent variables has been analyzed and analyzed. The range of results showed that the most important strategy for creating urban river tourism in Poldokhtar is the attempt to create a social and secure environment with facilities and ease of access and special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues. For this reason, the main criteria for design based on local capabilities are defined. It should be noted that in the social, recreational, historical and environmental areas the same procedure is used, which means that all the spatial and spatial regulation strategies and parameters of the river in line with the native nature and the needs of the people living in the area and in A word of the users of the project has been used.
Elmira Azimi, Hosin Mobara, Maryam Farzadmanesh,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The emergence of a variety of inequalities, widespread poverty, malnutrition and ... were examples of the effects of urbanization. For this reason, many scholars and experts have focused on the quality of life, in order to improve living conditions and improve the quality of life of human beings. Many studies show that satisfaction with different dimensions and characteristics of the neighborhood affects residents' quality of life. Considering that satisfaction with life, i.e., the full satisfaction of all parts of life, if this kind of satisfaction does not develop among residents, more serious problems such as intra-urban migration, severe class contradictions and the problem of uplifting and down-town faces Accepts. Therefore, identifying the effective factors on residential satisfaction in each neighborhood, which is in accordance with the needs of the residents of that neighborhood, is one of the main goals of urban planners in order to increase residential satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of location and quality of environment on improving citizens' satisfaction from neighborhoods. The research method was descriptive-analytic, data collection method, library and survey, sample size was estimated 315 by Cochran formula. In order to test the hypotheses presented in this study, structural equation modeling was used in Lisrel software environment. The results of this study indicate that spatial sense of belonging and quality of environment have a significant effect on residents' satisfaction with the neighborhood.
Ali Shamai, Habib Fasihi, Mahsa Delfannasab,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
Valuable textures play an important role in the development of tourism in various aspects of economic, social, cultural, etc. due to the presence of nostalgic attractions and architectural and cultural relics. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors driving the variables related to recreational plans for the urban tourism development of Tajrish. The collection method is based on library, documentary and field information. . Based on the results of variables such as subsurface development and the establishment of shelter and shelter development in Shohada-Tajrish Hospital, the establishment of a pond of tranquility and development of the Maghsud Beyk river and other variables are independent variables, that is, neither effective nor ineffective. However, creating a cultural and entertainment pole in northern Tehran, promoting eco-tourism, organizing the Emamzadeh Saleh, reviving the trees of Valiasr Street have been considered as variables that have both influencing and influencing the development of tourism in the Tajrish district. However, variables such as neighborhood management, the establishment of a shopping center, the creation of a cultural and entertainment pole in northern Tehran, the expansion of eco tourism surrounding areas of the Tajrish area such as Darband and Derek ... and the development of the Iranian Cinema Museum and ... have been significantly influenced by the strategic area. And determining and strategic in developing the tourism of Tajrish neighborhoods and are considered as key variables.
Mrs Nazli Pakru, Mr Mir Saeid Moosavi,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
Cities are a place of accumulation of material and spiritual capital of humanity, which is of great importance. This type of settlement, with more than 50 percent of the world's population in it, has become more important in recent years and has been considered for the maintenance of principled and sustainable management of all types of planning. One of these plans has been the resilience of cities. Resilience to the threats and potential hazards that affect it when it occurs. The concept of resilience has been proposed and discussed in various dimensions and levels. In this research, emphasis is placed on the physical dimensions of urban Resilience. The purpose of this study is to assess the resilience of the 1st district(zone) of Tabriz city against earthquake, which is analyzed using the Fuzzy AHP model. The 8 criteria, include the distance From relief centers, the distance from the centers of harm, the building materials, the quality of the building, the time of the building, the distance from the network of roads, the distance from the green and open spaces and the distance from the fault, is the base of analysis. After preparing the layer for each criteria, Fuzzy layers are extracted using fuzzy functions. Using the SUM, AND, GUMMA operators, the final layers were generated, which was evaluated using the Band Collection Statistics tool, the gamma layer 0.9 was selected as the best output. based on the scenario of gamma 0.9 in the study area, about 26% of the area has very low and low resilience. In contrast, more than 22% of the range is moderate and 51% of the area have a high resilience.
Gholamreza Malekshahi, Taher Parizadi, Kolsoum Rezaei,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The study of the roles and functions of cities and their developments is an important question in modern geographic studies. The unbalanced spatial distribution of populations, irregular migration to metropolises and imbalances in the distribution of economic opportunities between regions have led to focus on the idea of medium-sized cities as one of the most effective approaches to planning of the territory. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the performance of the city of Nasimshahr as an intermediary city in the spatial development structure of Tehran province. The research method is "descriptive-analytical" and the data collection method is based on both library and field methods. Quantitative methods and models have been used to study the role of the city. Economic models show that the city's share of industrial employment is above average in terms of industrial employment. The structural change index shows that the changes in Nasimshahr were greater than those in Tehran province. The results of the share change model show that the service sector has grown faster than the province. Considering the spatial structure, whatever the role of the city, the spatial imbalance in the urban network of the province is obvious. Demographic models show that Nasimshahr has great elasticity to attract the overwhelming population of the province. Therefore, given its strengths and possibilities, it can play a key role in regional leveling as a service and industrial center in the southwest of the province.
Mrs Maryam Sabokkhiz, Mr Esmail Shieh,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
Human dignity is a concept that can have a significant impact on urban public space. In this sense, it speaks of the value of human beings and their status as a thoughtful and spiritual being. Discovering this valuable feeling in an environment that is widely used by citizens is important to the research. The subjective and interactive nature of this phenomenon The purpose of this study was to analyze explicit inductive qualitative content analysis as a research method and to interpret contextual data obtained from in-depth unstructured interviews and field observations, and its perception among various actors and how human dignity was generated. Used. The data were analyzed through a systematic coding process with the aim of classifying concepts up to three levels of abstraction. The selection of participants in this study was purposeful and aimed at developing concepts to reach saturation. The findings of this study indicate that the concept of socialization is one of the most important factors in people's perception of human dignity. It is conceptualized with other concepts such as loss of personal distance, development of social communication, intimacy, social diversity and unity with the environment and society. Is formed. What is of interest is the relationship between these factors and the complexity of their relationships that have led to the formation of a sense of human dignity in individuals. Although the multifaceted concept of human dignity will be able to accommodate the broad concepts and meanings that are involved in this study The concept of socialization of urban public space has been carefully considered.
Hassan Haji Amiri, Arash Seghfi Asl, Mehdi Ashjaee,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
Following developments in urban contexts of contemporary Iran, the creation of new urban contexts and cities has a direct impact on the ecosystem of its surrounding area. Urban neighborhoods on the path to achieving the goal of sustainable urban development require the integration of architecture and the principles of environmental sustainability. Using the Sustainable Architecture approach based on the principles of world standard is one of the most effective steps in this field. Progressive research, combined with the LEED World Standard Code of Conduct as a basis for evaluation, has revised the classification of the indicators of this Code based on biological and indigenous characteristics in the Qom city. To this end, urban texture and neighborhood assessment metrics are explained in the LEED and then with the aim of determining the importance category, baseline indices at the scale of the study area - renovated settlements (Pardisan City) - in a manner Qualitative analysis has been investigated. Finally, quantification in each section of context indices is done based on existing statistical documentary data for accreditation sub-indicators and, according to the final findings, a new classification of baseline assessment indexes for contemporary urban context designs. Based on the degree of effectiveness provided.
Hamed Ahmadzadeh, Ph.d Mahmoud Reza Keymanesh, Siavash Makani Bonab, Iman Ghanizadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The rapid growth of metropolitan areas around the world, coupled with the increase in population in these cities, has created numerous problems such as traffic congestion and disruption to the inter-city transportation system. Therefore, this dilemma has been one of the major challenges facing urban planning in the late twentieth century which has influenced the achievement of sustainable urban development goals. Electronics in cyberspace are an integral part of life. Today, the use of public transport is one of the issues that are related to different aspects of quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using public transport in reducing traffic and air pollution. In this study, library and field method were used for data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and urban planning experts. Sample size was estimated 25 people using snowball technique. In this study, AHP technique was used to achieve the research objectives. Data gathering tool was paired comparison questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the importance of indicators (criteria), in terms of their importance percentages are: Safety 0.499, Environmental Pollution 0.313, Cheapness 0.120 and Convenience 0.068 and finally the most preferred option between two motor modes, The public transport mode is identified at 0.778 compared to the 0.222 personal transport mode.
Atefeh Moradi, Mariam Daneshvar, Seyed Abdol-Hadi Daneshpour, Hooman Bahmanpour,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
Today, sustainable placement is one of the main approaches of urban planners and regional planners. The purpose of this study was to design and fit a consolidated model of localization of densely populated areas with emphasis on environmental balance. The purpose of this research is practical and it is a survey-analysis type. At first, according to the theoretical foundations, the research background and interviewing the experts designed the integrated model (basic conceptual model). Then the model was fitted by referring to experts (86 simple). The initial model of the research was investigated and tested using SEM using Smart PLS 2 software. The results showed that the factor loadings of all questionnaire questions were more than 0.4 and were therefore acceptable. The t-values for all questions are greater than 1.96 and are therefore significant at 95% confidence level. On the other hand, environmental equilibrium in locating subtropical regions is affected by 7 criteria and 22 sub criteria, among which environmental quality had the highest impact (path coefficient= 0.5227) and semantic structure (path coefficient = 0.0353) the least. Also, the mean of the common index index was 1.147 and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9184. The overall fit of the model (GOF) was calculated to be 0.55235. In the final study, it was found that all paths have significant coefficients and thus the conceptual model of research was confirmed.
