Volume 9, Issue 17 (9-2019)
JRSM 2019, 9(17): 39-50 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Arsham S, Aghaei M, Keshvari F. Effect of Secondary Task on the Basketball Free Throw Accuracy on Choking under Pressure Skilled players. JRSM 2019; 9 (17) :39-50
URL: http://jrsm.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-en.html
URL: http://jrsm.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-en.html
Abstract: (7677 Views)
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of secondary task relevant and non-relevant to the free throw basketball skill on the free throw accuracy of basketball skilled players in choking under pressure. Twenty right-handed female players (aged 18-30) each with at least three years of experience in basketball took part study after completing the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Annett Handedness Questionnaire (AHQ) and measuring their anthropometric characteristics. The study included two testing sessions with an interval of 2 days. In the first and second session (no-pressure and high pressure, respectively) participants warmed up and performed 10 free throws in three conditions: 1) free throw, 2) free throw with relevant secondary task, 3) free throw with non-relevant secondary task. Results showed that the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks to free throw have effects on accuracy in no-pressure (P=0.012, P=0.001) and high pressure (P=0.001, P=0.018) conditions. Also, there was significant differences between relevant and non-relevant tasks effects on accuracy in high pressure situation (P=0.001).
Overall, it may be used the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks in choking under pressure situations for reduction of pressure imposed on athletes. Also, properly designed secondary tasks for free throw may be used to increase the accuracy of skilled participants under the pressure situations.
Overall, it may be used the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks in choking under pressure situations for reduction of pressure imposed on athletes. Also, properly designed secondary tasks for free throw may be used to increase the accuracy of skilled participants under the pressure situations.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
motor behavior
Received: 2016/07/19 | Accepted: 2017/09/3 | Published: 2019/09/1
Received: 2016/07/19 | Accepted: 2017/09/3 | Published: 2019/09/1
References
1. بخشایش، سیده حمیده.، بهمنی، فاطمه.، شفیع نیا، پروانه.، و کمال، محمد. (1391). اثر خود آگاهی و توجه بر انسداد تحت فشار در ورزشکاران دارای ناتوانی در مهارت باز و بسته در ورزش بسکتبال با ویلچر. مجله مطالعات ناتوانی، 2، 11-1.
2. فتحی خامنه، سوسن. (1392). اثر کانون توجه و منبع نشانه گذاری کلامی بر انسداد پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال در دختران نوجوان مبتدی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده تربت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه ازهرا.
3. ارشم، سعید. (1390). بیومکانیک و آناتومی کاربردی در ورزش تهران: انتشارات آوای ظهور.
4. ولایتی، رضا.، قاسمی، غلامعلی.، رحیمی، ناصر.، و موحدی، احمد رضا. (1391). سطح اضطراب رقابتی بسکتبالیست‌های نخبه ایران و ارتباط آن با آسیب‌های ورزشی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی جنتا شاپیر، دوره‌ی سوم، شماره 2.
5. Wulf, G. (2007). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 10 years of research. E-journal Bewegung und Training, 1(2-3), 1-11.
6. McNevin, N.H., Wulf, G., Carlson, C. (2000). Effects of attentional focus, self-control, and dyad training effects on motor learning: Implications for physical rehabilitation. Physical Therapy, 80, 373-385. [DOI:10.1093/ptj/80.4.373]
7. Wulf, G., McNevin, N.H., Shea, C.H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 1143-1154. [DOI:10.1080/713756012]
8. Wulf, G., Shea. C.H., Park, J.H. (2001). Attention in motor learning: Preferences for and advantages of an external focus. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 335-344. [DOI:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608970]
9. Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 77-104. [DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728]
10. Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009). Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 177-163. [DOI:10.1080/10413200902795323]
11. Fox A. (2010). Choking- its causes and how to minimize its effects. In: Fox, A. editors. Tennis: Winning the mental match. 1st ed. California, Kindle Edition, 52-69.
12. Reeves, J. L. (2005). Attention and performance: When does choking under pressure occur and what is the debilitating source? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
13. Jackson, R. C., Ashford, K. J., & Norsworthy, G. (2006). Attentional focus, dispositional reinvestment, and skilled motor performance under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 49-68. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.28.1.49]
14. Mesagno, C., Marchant, D., & Morris, T. (2009). Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 131-147. [DOI:10.1080/10413200902795091]
15. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T.D. (2012). Attention and performance. In R. Schmidt, & T. Lee (eds.), Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 61-91.
16. Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensory motor skills. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 271-278. [DOI:10.1037/1076-898X.8.1.6]
17. Mullen, R., Hardy, L., & Tattersall, A. (2005). The effect of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the conscious processing hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 212-225. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.27.2.212]
18. Ford, P., Hodges, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2005). Online attentional focus manipulation in a soccer dribbling task: implication for the proceduralization of motor skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37(5), 386-394. [DOI:10.3200/JMBR.37.5.386-394]
19. Land, W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2012). An outcome and process oriented examination of a golf-specific secondary task strategy to prevent choking under pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(3), 303-322. [DOI:10.1080/10413200.2011.642458]
20. Beilock, S. L., Bertenthal, B. I., McCoy, A. M., & Carr, T. H. (2004). Haste does not always make waste: Expertise, direction of attention, and speed versus accuracy in performing sensorimotor skills. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 373-379. [DOI:10.3758/BF03196585]
21. Beilock, S. L. & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governschoking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 701-725. [DOI:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701]
22. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T.D. (2012). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (5th Ed.). Champaign, ΙL: Human Kinetics.
23. Clearly, T. (2001). A biomechanics analysis of fatigue compensation in skilled basketball Jump shooters. Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 12(2), 86-95.
24. Raoul, R. D., Oudijanse, R., & Van De Langenberg, R. I. (2002). Aiming at a far target under different viewing condition: visual control in basketball Jump shooting. Journal of Human movement Sciences, 21, 457-480. [DOI:10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00116-1]
25. Hardy, L., & Parfitt, C. G. (1991). A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 163-178. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02391.x]
26. Ehrlenspiel, F. (2006). Choking under Pressure-Attention and Motor Control in Performance Situations, master's thesis. Human wissenschaftlichen.
27. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Effort Englewood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall.
28. Poolton, J., Maxwell, J. P. Masters, R. S. W., & Raab, M. (2006). Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing? Journal of Sports Sciences. 24, 89-99. [DOI:10.1080/02640410500130854]
29. Schmidt, R.A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2008). Motor learning and performance, a situation-based learning approach (4th Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
30. Welford, A.T. (1952). The psychological refractory period and the timing of high-speed performance: A review and a theory. British Journal of Psychology, 43, 2-19. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1952.tb00322.x]
31. Castaneda, B., & Gray, R. (2007). Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(1), 60-77. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.29.1.60]
| Rights and permissions | |
 | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
